FINITE VERB CLAUSES
Exercise
The paragraph can be revised in a number of ways. Here is one way:
A fter Josephina had finished her hom ew o rk , she logged on to the computer in her bedro om . Sh e
tapped out an e-mail message to Mari a . While she stared at the scre e n , she toyed with her earri n g,
and then she filed her nails. Although Maria had moved from Pom ona to Reno on ly two days ago,
J o s e phina missed Maria because they had been best friends and constant com p a n i ons since ch i l d h o o d .
Exercise 9.2
This is an appropriate exercise for class discussion.
1. Complex sentence
The newspaper is predicting re c o rd snow f a ll = independent clause [present + BE + {-ing} + pre d i c t ]
before winter actually begins = dependent clause [present + begin]
2. Compound sentence
The tank is full of propane = independent clause [present + be]
but the stove is still not functioning = independent clause [present + BE + {-ing} + function]
3. Complex sentence
The ferry will be late today = independent clause [present + modal + be]
that runs from Seattle to Victoria = dependent clause [present + run]
4. Simple sentence
Fred avoids the freeway = independent clause [present + avoid]
5. Compound-complex sentence
E ven though Heather had practiced her speech = dependent clause [past + HAVE + {-en} + pra c t i c e ]
she forgot its conclusion = independent clause [past + forget]
and her professor asked her to start again from the beginning = independent clause [past + ask]
(to start again from the beginning = infinitive phrase, not a clause)
Exercise 9.3
This exercise is a good one for individual or small group work. Since a variety of combinations is
possible, it is interesting to have each sentence written on the board by a different group or person and
to solicit alternatives and critiques from other members of the class.
1. As soon as the weather turned warm and sunny in late May, high school and college basketball
players gathered in the park on Sundays for informal games.
2. The electricity was out all over this part of the city because lightning struck a transformer.
3. Although he had gone to bed especially early the night before, Chris fell asleep during the exam.
EX ERCISE ANSWER KEY EX–47
4. Susan plans to reduce her spending on movies and restaurants unless she receives an increase in pay
for her child-care work.
5. Harry packed an extra battery in his camera bag in case the battery in his camera went dead.
Exercise 9.4
1. Test 1: Clauses can be reversed: Whenever Roberto is at bat, the opposing pitcher walks him.
Test 2: Question can be formed using wh-adverb: When does the opposing pitcher walk Roberto?
Test 3: A single adverb can substitute: The opposing pitcher walks Roberto then.
Test 4: Fits frame: The opposing pitcher walks Roberto whenever he is at bat.
Whenever he is at bat is an adverbial clause.
2. Test 1: Clauses cannot be reversed: *But Caroline was most attracted by the clothes that were not
marked down, Nordstrom’s was holding its half-yearly clothing sale.
Test 2: Question cannot be formed using wh-adverb.
Test 3: A single adverb cannot substitute.
Test 4: Fits frame? (Occurs in final position, but not in adverbial function).
Not an adverbial clause.
3. Test 1: Clauses can be reversed: As soon as classes got out, Carl had promised to pick her up.
Test 2: Question can be formed using wh-adverb: When had Carl promised to pick her up?
Test 3: A single adverb can substitute: Carl had promised to pick her up then.
Test 4: Fits frame: Carl had promised to pick her up as soon as classes got out.
4. Test 1: Clauses cannot be reversed: *That Las Vegas would be great fun, the visiting delegation from
Beijing University believed.
Test 2: Question cannot be formed using wh-adverb.
Test 3: A single adverb cannot substitute.
Test 4: Fits frame? (Occurs in final position, but not in adverbial function.)
Not an adverbial clause.
5. Test 1: Clauses can be reversed: After the deadline had already passed, Marty applied for the
scholarship.
Test 2: Question can be formed using wh-adverb: When did Marty apply for the scholarship?
Test 3: A single adverb can substitute: Marty applied for the scholarship then.
Test 4: Fits frame: Marty applied for the scholarship after the deadline had already passed.
After the deadline had already passed is an adverbial clause.
6. Test 1: Clauses can be reversed: As if he were going to attack, the pointy-eared dog barked at us.
Test 2: Question can be formed using wh-adverb: How did the pointy-eared dog bark at us?
Test 3: No single adverb can substitute.
Test 4: Fits frame: The pointy-eared dog barked at us as if he were going to attack.
Even though it failed one test, as if he were going to attack is an adverbial clause.
EX–48 EX ERCISE ANSWER KEY
Exercise 9.5
1.
2.
3.
EX ERCISE ANSWER KEY EX–49
4.
Exercise 9.6
1. Alan loves the university’s science camp, which emphasizes hands-on learning.
The university’s science camp, which Alan loves, emphasizes hands-on learning.
2. Marylou, who is a professor, expressed deep scepticism about technology replacing professors.
Marylou, who expressed deep scepticism about technology replacing professors, is a professor.
3. George, whose talents as a host are well known, invited a group of friends to the opening of
Stephanie’s ceramics studio.
4. Fred met Carol, who has been a train buff for years, on the California Zephyr.
Carol, whom Fred met on the California Zephyr, has been a train buff for years.
5. Bangkok’s largest statue of Buddha, which has eyes formed of pearls, reclines inside the city’s most
famous temple.
Bangkok’s largest statue of Buddha, which reclines inside the city’s most famous temple, has eyes
formed of pearls.
EX–50 EX ERCISE ANSWER KEY
Exercise 9.7
1.
2.
dusk
EX ERCISE ANSWER KEY EX–51
3 .
4.
EX–52 EX ERCISE ANSWER KEY
5.
Exercise 9.8
1. which = El Niño [El Niño is a disruptive weather pattern originating in abnormally warm waters in
the tropical Pacific Ocean.]
2. that = fires [Fires raged in Indonesian and Mexican rain forests.]
3. that = flood [An El Niño flood took the lives of 161 people.]
4. where = in California [El Niño produced up to three times the normal rainfall in California.]
5. whose = climatologists’ [We depend for a historical perspective on climatologists’ research.]
Exercise 9.9
This exercise can be done individually or in pairs, followed by class discussion.
1 . Tru s ter, w h i ch costs $149.99, is a new softw a re pro g ram that claims to turn your PC into a lie detector.
Which costs $149.99 = nonrestrictive relative clause modifying Truster, set off with commas.
Truster already identifies the name of a particular brand of software.
That claims to turn your PC into a lie detector = re s t ri c t i ve re l a t i ve clause modifying p ro gra m, no com m a s .
2. When you grow old, you will have nostalgic feelings for the time when you studied English
grammar in college.
When you grow old = adverbial subordinate clause at the beginning of the sentence, modifies will
have, set off with a comma.
When you studied English grammar in college = restrictive relative clause modifying time, no
commas.
3. The e-mail that Kelly hates is called “spam,” which is unsolicited “junk” mail.
That Kelly hates = restrictive relative clause modifying e-mail, no commas. The relative pronoun
that can be deleted: “The e-mail Kelly hates . . . .”
Wh i ch is unsolicited “j u n k” mail = non re s t ri c t i ve re l a t i ve clause modifying s p a m, set off with a com m a .
EX ERCISE ANSWER KEY EX–53
4. I’ll leave the home where I grew up when I’m ready.
Where I grew up = restrictive relative clause modifying home, no commas.
When I’m ready = adverbial subordinate clause modifying leave, no comma.
5. Brandy is the name of a new perfume that was named after a New York City carriage horse.
That was named after a New York City carriage horse = restrictive relative clause modifying
perfume, no commas. Relative pronoun that and was can be deleted.
Exercise
The paragraph can be revised in a number of ways. Here is one way:
A fter Josephina had finished her hom ew o rk , she logged on to the computer in her bedro om . Sh e
tapped out an e-mail message to Mari a . While she stared at the scre e n , she toyed with her earri n g,
and then she filed her nails. Although Maria had moved from Pom ona to Reno on ly two days ago,
J o s e phina missed Maria because they had been best friends and constant com p a n i ons since ch i l d h o o d .
Exercise 9.2
This is an appropriate exercise for class discussion.
1. Complex sentence
The newspaper is predicting re c o rd snow f a ll = independent clause [present + BE + {-ing} + pre d i c t ]
before winter actually begins = dependent clause [present + begin]
2. Compound sentence
The tank is full of propane = independent clause [present + be]
but the stove is still not functioning = independent clause [present + BE + {-ing} + function]
3. Complex sentence
The ferry will be late today = independent clause [present + modal + be]
that runs from Seattle to Victoria = dependent clause [present + run]
4. Simple sentence
Fred avoids the freeway = independent clause [present + avoid]
5. Compound-complex sentence
E ven though Heather had practiced her speech = dependent clause [past + HAVE + {-en} + pra c t i c e ]
she forgot its conclusion = independent clause [past + forget]
and her professor asked her to start again from the beginning = independent clause [past + ask]
(to start again from the beginning = infinitive phrase, not a clause)
Exercise 9.3
This exercise is a good one for individual or small group work. Since a variety of combinations is
possible, it is interesting to have each sentence written on the board by a different group or person and
to solicit alternatives and critiques from other members of the class.
1. As soon as the weather turned warm and sunny in late May, high school and college basketball
players gathered in the park on Sundays for informal games.
2. The electricity was out all over this part of the city because lightning struck a transformer.
3. Although he had gone to bed especially early the night before, Chris fell asleep during the exam.
EX ERCISE ANSWER KEY EX–47
4. Susan plans to reduce her spending on movies and restaurants unless she receives an increase in pay
for her child-care work.
5. Harry packed an extra battery in his camera bag in case the battery in his camera went dead.
Exercise 9.4
1. Test 1: Clauses can be reversed: Whenever Roberto is at bat, the opposing pitcher walks him.
Test 2: Question can be formed using wh-adverb: When does the opposing pitcher walk Roberto?
Test 3: A single adverb can substitute: The opposing pitcher walks Roberto then.
Test 4: Fits frame: The opposing pitcher walks Roberto whenever he is at bat.
Whenever he is at bat is an adverbial clause.
2. Test 1: Clauses cannot be reversed: *But Caroline was most attracted by the clothes that were not
marked down, Nordstrom’s was holding its half-yearly clothing sale.
Test 2: Question cannot be formed using wh-adverb.
Test 3: A single adverb cannot substitute.
Test 4: Fits frame? (Occurs in final position, but not in adverbial function).
Not an adverbial clause.
3. Test 1: Clauses can be reversed: As soon as classes got out, Carl had promised to pick her up.
Test 2: Question can be formed using wh-adverb: When had Carl promised to pick her up?
Test 3: A single adverb can substitute: Carl had promised to pick her up then.
Test 4: Fits frame: Carl had promised to pick her up as soon as classes got out.
4. Test 1: Clauses cannot be reversed: *That Las Vegas would be great fun, the visiting delegation from
Beijing University believed.
Test 2: Question cannot be formed using wh-adverb.
Test 3: A single adverb cannot substitute.
Test 4: Fits frame? (Occurs in final position, but not in adverbial function.)
Not an adverbial clause.
5. Test 1: Clauses can be reversed: After the deadline had already passed, Marty applied for the
scholarship.
Test 2: Question can be formed using wh-adverb: When did Marty apply for the scholarship?
Test 3: A single adverb can substitute: Marty applied for the scholarship then.
Test 4: Fits frame: Marty applied for the scholarship after the deadline had already passed.
After the deadline had already passed is an adverbial clause.
6. Test 1: Clauses can be reversed: As if he were going to attack, the pointy-eared dog barked at us.
Test 2: Question can be formed using wh-adverb: How did the pointy-eared dog bark at us?
Test 3: No single adverb can substitute.
Test 4: Fits frame: The pointy-eared dog barked at us as if he were going to attack.
Even though it failed one test, as if he were going to attack is an adverbial clause.
EX–48 EX ERCISE ANSWER KEY
Exercise 9.5
1.
2.
3.
EX ERCISE ANSWER KEY EX–49
4.
Exercise 9.6
1. Alan loves the university’s science camp, which emphasizes hands-on learning.
The university’s science camp, which Alan loves, emphasizes hands-on learning.
2. Marylou, who is a professor, expressed deep scepticism about technology replacing professors.
Marylou, who expressed deep scepticism about technology replacing professors, is a professor.
3. George, whose talents as a host are well known, invited a group of friends to the opening of
Stephanie’s ceramics studio.
4. Fred met Carol, who has been a train buff for years, on the California Zephyr.
Carol, whom Fred met on the California Zephyr, has been a train buff for years.
5. Bangkok’s largest statue of Buddha, which has eyes formed of pearls, reclines inside the city’s most
famous temple.
Bangkok’s largest statue of Buddha, which reclines inside the city’s most famous temple, has eyes
formed of pearls.
EX–50 EX ERCISE ANSWER KEY
Exercise 9.7
1.
2.
dusk
EX ERCISE ANSWER KEY EX–51
3 .
4.
EX–52 EX ERCISE ANSWER KEY
5.
Exercise 9.8
1. which = El Niño [El Niño is a disruptive weather pattern originating in abnormally warm waters in
the tropical Pacific Ocean.]
2. that = fires [Fires raged in Indonesian and Mexican rain forests.]
3. that = flood [An El Niño flood took the lives of 161 people.]
4. where = in California [El Niño produced up to three times the normal rainfall in California.]
5. whose = climatologists’ [We depend for a historical perspective on climatologists’ research.]
Exercise 9.9
This exercise can be done individually or in pairs, followed by class discussion.
1 . Tru s ter, w h i ch costs $149.99, is a new softw a re pro g ram that claims to turn your PC into a lie detector.
Which costs $149.99 = nonrestrictive relative clause modifying Truster, set off with commas.
Truster already identifies the name of a particular brand of software.
That claims to turn your PC into a lie detector = re s t ri c t i ve re l a t i ve clause modifying p ro gra m, no com m a s .
2. When you grow old, you will have nostalgic feelings for the time when you studied English
grammar in college.
When you grow old = adverbial subordinate clause at the beginning of the sentence, modifies will
have, set off with a comma.
When you studied English grammar in college = restrictive relative clause modifying time, no
commas.
3. The e-mail that Kelly hates is called “spam,” which is unsolicited “junk” mail.
That Kelly hates = restrictive relative clause modifying e-mail, no commas. The relative pronoun
that can be deleted: “The e-mail Kelly hates . . . .”
Wh i ch is unsolicited “j u n k” mail = non re s t ri c t i ve re l a t i ve clause modifying s p a m, set off with a com m a .
EX ERCISE ANSWER KEY EX–53
4. I’ll leave the home where I grew up when I’m ready.
Where I grew up = restrictive relative clause modifying home, no commas.
When I’m ready = adverbial subordinate clause modifying leave, no comma.
5. Brandy is the name of a new perfume that was named after a New York City carriage horse.
That was named after a New York City carriage horse = restrictive relative clause modifying
perfume, no commas. Relative pronoun that and was can be deleted.
Post a Comment