Ibn al-Shatir
Ibn al-Shatir (1304-1375) was a distinguished Muslim astronomer of the 14th century who made his
(1) by designing astronomical instruments and developing
(2) theories about the sun, moon and planets. He studied the movement of planets
and designed models to illustrate it. His models were superior to those of Ptolemy, the famous astronomer, as they
corresponded more accurately to empirical observations. Rather than trying to follow any particular philosophy or
cosmology, Ibn al-Shatir’s work was (3) in his empirical observations alone. Against the
(4) of the majority of astronomers of that time, Ibn al-Shatir can be seen as creating a
turning point in astronomy, or according to Professor George Saliba, ‘a Scientific revolution before the Renaissance.’
His model of the moon’s movement is exactly the same as that of Copernicus, which has led many to believe that
Copernicus was influenced by Ibn al-Shatir’s work even though it is (5) how his theories
reached Europe.
Ibn al-Shatir also made great (6) in the field of design, most notably with the
magnificent horizontal sundial that is placed on the minaret of the Umayyah Mosque in Damascus. The instrument
now on the minaret is an exact copy made in the late 19th century. Pieces of the orginal instrument are preserved in
the garden of the National Museum in Damascus. The many visitors who admire the dial can be in no doubt that Ibn
al-Shatir was one of the most important Muslim thinkers not only in the (7) of design,
but in mathematics and astronomy also. In his (8) of knowledge, he made significant
contributions to these sciences.
GRA MMAR
vocabulary
A. Combine the negative prefixes in Box A with the
words in Box B to complete the sentences below so
that they make sense.
C. Complete the blanks with the Present Simple,
Present Progressive, Present Perfect Simple or
Present Perfect Progressive of the verbs in brackets.
Bob: Hi, Kyle! What are you up to?
Kyle: Not much. I (1)
(just / wait) for some friends and they’re late!
Bob: How long (2)
(you / wait) for them?
Kyle: For half an hour or so! And I’m so bored!
Bob: Listen, (3) (you / do)
anything special today? It’s Earth Day
today you (4) (know).
Kyle: Are you sure? I (5)
(think) it (6) (be)
next Thursday.
Bob: No. It’s today. That’s why I
(7) (wear) these old
clothes. I (8) (go) to
help plant trees in the area that was burnt last
summer in the fire.
Kyle: That’s really nice!
Bob: (9) (you / ever / take)
part in Earth Day events?
Kyle: Not really. I (10)
(not / think) I could do something like that. I
mean I (11) (never / do)
anything like it before.
Bob: Come on! It will be fun! You’ll see.
Kyle: You think so? You know what?
I (12) (work) on a
project about environmental changes at school and
this kind of experience would help me a lot!
Bob: That’s right! Why (13)
(you / not ask) your friends to take part, too?
Kyle: Hmm. That sounds nice! We can all have fun and
do something good for the environment. Here they
(14) (come)! Hey guys,
how about helping plant some trees?
Doug: Cool idea! I (15)
(never / think) of doing anything like that.
It (16) (sound)
interesting.
Steve: Sure, why not? Let’s try it!
Bob: OK guys, follow me then.
A.
dependent
responsible
likely
practical
literate
1. In many northern European countries, young people
are encouraged to get full-time work and become
from an early age.
2. These days the job market is so competitive, it would
be not to think about getting
good qualifications and training.
3. The government education programme has been
very successful in ensuring that fewer than one in ten
thousand 16-year-olds is .
4. The company has been so successful in recent months
that it seems highly that they
will have to make cutbacks.
5. Ross moved to an apartment in the city centre as
he was finding the long commute from the suburbs
and tiring.
B. Complete the sentences using the correct form of
the words in the box.
backtrack backward backfire
backbone backup
1. The project to build a new park will
if the council does not raise
enough funds by next month.
2. That company is so ; they are
not even connected to the Internet!
3. In most industries, technology is now the
of success.
4. One of the most important things to remember when
doing assignments at university is to
your work in case your
computer crashes and you risk losing everything.
5. The headmaster on the promise
he had made to let us go on an excursion.
33
A. Choose the word or phrase that most appropriately completes the sentence.
1. I did an MBA with a view to acquiring the skills and competencies required for my own business.
a. running b. minding c. administering d. improving
2. Being chosen out of 10 other applicants for the position gave Fahad a great of satisfaction.
a. impression b. chance c. benefit d. sense
3. I got up early this morning because I had some errands to before going to work.
a. make b. run c. take d. get
4. I have always studied hard to be in the top of my class and I don’t mind missing on other
activities to achieve that goal.
a. from b. out c. apart d. for
5. Doing group work was not my forte as I was prone to mood swings and had to my temper.
a. run b. mind c. lose d. take
6. Do you think that the disadvantages the advantages?
a. shadow b. shade c. overdo d. overshadow
7. Your plan is impressive but there are quite a few .
a. drawbacks b. backtracks c. failures d. catastrophes
8. Some people are prepared to do whatever it takes to climb the corporate ladder but I personally do not think that the
justifies the means.
a. end b. point c. determination d. side
vocabulary
GRA MMAR
B. Complete the dialogues with the correct form of can, could or be able to.
1.
A: Sorry Geoff, I (1) to come to the meeting tomorrow, I have too much work to do.
B: That’s OK, we (2) postpone it until next week.
A: Great. I think I (3) to make it on Tuesday, and the boss will be here too. What do you
think?
B: I agree. Tuesday it is then.
2.
A: What did you think of the lecture Frank?
B: I (1) attend as I had an exam. What did you think?
A: It was very interesting but at times I (2) hear what the professor was saying as people were
talking.
B: How frustrating! What did you do?
A: I moved to a seat nearer the front and I (3) hear more clearly from there. I took a lot of
notes.
B: Good idea. (4) I take a look at them please?
3.
A: How come you are starting German classes Paul?
B: I am being transferred to Berlin by my company, so I need to (1) communicate.
A: I see. (2) you speak any basic words?
B: Unfortunately not, I (3) say ‘hello’ but that’s about it so far.
A: Don’t worry, I am sure that within a few months of classes you (4) get by.
B: I hope so!
34
Ibn al-Shatir (1304-1375) was a distinguished Muslim astronomer of the 14th century who made his
(1) by designing astronomical instruments and developing
(2) theories about the sun, moon and planets. He studied the movement of planets
and designed models to illustrate it. His models were superior to those of Ptolemy, the famous astronomer, as they
corresponded more accurately to empirical observations. Rather than trying to follow any particular philosophy or
cosmology, Ibn al-Shatir’s work was (3) in his empirical observations alone. Against the
(4) of the majority of astronomers of that time, Ibn al-Shatir can be seen as creating a
turning point in astronomy, or according to Professor George Saliba, ‘a Scientific revolution before the Renaissance.’
His model of the moon’s movement is exactly the same as that of Copernicus, which has led many to believe that
Copernicus was influenced by Ibn al-Shatir’s work even though it is (5) how his theories
reached Europe.
Ibn al-Shatir also made great (6) in the field of design, most notably with the
magnificent horizontal sundial that is placed on the minaret of the Umayyah Mosque in Damascus. The instrument
now on the minaret is an exact copy made in the late 19th century. Pieces of the orginal instrument are preserved in
the garden of the National Museum in Damascus. The many visitors who admire the dial can be in no doubt that Ibn
al-Shatir was one of the most important Muslim thinkers not only in the (7) of design,
but in mathematics and astronomy also. In his (8) of knowledge, he made significant
contributions to these sciences.
GRA MMAR
vocabulary
A. Combine the negative prefixes in Box A with the
words in Box B to complete the sentences below so
that they make sense.
C. Complete the blanks with the Present Simple,
Present Progressive, Present Perfect Simple or
Present Perfect Progressive of the verbs in brackets.
Bob: Hi, Kyle! What are you up to?
Kyle: Not much. I (1)
(just / wait) for some friends and they’re late!
Bob: How long (2)
(you / wait) for them?
Kyle: For half an hour or so! And I’m so bored!
Bob: Listen, (3) (you / do)
anything special today? It’s Earth Day
today you (4) (know).
Kyle: Are you sure? I (5)
(think) it (6) (be)
next Thursday.
Bob: No. It’s today. That’s why I
(7) (wear) these old
clothes. I (8) (go) to
help plant trees in the area that was burnt last
summer in the fire.
Kyle: That’s really nice!
Bob: (9) (you / ever / take)
part in Earth Day events?
Kyle: Not really. I (10)
(not / think) I could do something like that. I
mean I (11) (never / do)
anything like it before.
Bob: Come on! It will be fun! You’ll see.
Kyle: You think so? You know what?
I (12) (work) on a
project about environmental changes at school and
this kind of experience would help me a lot!
Bob: That’s right! Why (13)
(you / not ask) your friends to take part, too?
Kyle: Hmm. That sounds nice! We can all have fun and
do something good for the environment. Here they
(14) (come)! Hey guys,
how about helping plant some trees?
Doug: Cool idea! I (15)
(never / think) of doing anything like that.
It (16) (sound)
interesting.
Steve: Sure, why not? Let’s try it!
Bob: OK guys, follow me then.
A.
dependent
responsible
likely
practical
literate
1. In many northern European countries, young people
are encouraged to get full-time work and become
from an early age.
2. These days the job market is so competitive, it would
be not to think about getting
good qualifications and training.
3. The government education programme has been
very successful in ensuring that fewer than one in ten
thousand 16-year-olds is .
4. The company has been so successful in recent months
that it seems highly that they
will have to make cutbacks.
5. Ross moved to an apartment in the city centre as
he was finding the long commute from the suburbs
and tiring.
B. Complete the sentences using the correct form of
the words in the box.
backtrack backward backfire
backbone backup
1. The project to build a new park will
if the council does not raise
enough funds by next month.
2. That company is so ; they are
not even connected to the Internet!
3. In most industries, technology is now the
of success.
4. One of the most important things to remember when
doing assignments at university is to
your work in case your
computer crashes and you risk losing everything.
5. The headmaster on the promise
he had made to let us go on an excursion.
33
A. Choose the word or phrase that most appropriately completes the sentence.
1. I did an MBA with a view to acquiring the skills and competencies required for my own business.
a. running b. minding c. administering d. improving
2. Being chosen out of 10 other applicants for the position gave Fahad a great of satisfaction.
a. impression b. chance c. benefit d. sense
3. I got up early this morning because I had some errands to before going to work.
a. make b. run c. take d. get
4. I have always studied hard to be in the top of my class and I don’t mind missing on other
activities to achieve that goal.
a. from b. out c. apart d. for
5. Doing group work was not my forte as I was prone to mood swings and had to my temper.
a. run b. mind c. lose d. take
6. Do you think that the disadvantages the advantages?
a. shadow b. shade c. overdo d. overshadow
7. Your plan is impressive but there are quite a few .
a. drawbacks b. backtracks c. failures d. catastrophes
8. Some people are prepared to do whatever it takes to climb the corporate ladder but I personally do not think that the
justifies the means.
a. end b. point c. determination d. side
vocabulary
GRA MMAR
B. Complete the dialogues with the correct form of can, could or be able to.
1.
A: Sorry Geoff, I (1) to come to the meeting tomorrow, I have too much work to do.
B: That’s OK, we (2) postpone it until next week.
A: Great. I think I (3) to make it on Tuesday, and the boss will be here too. What do you
think?
B: I agree. Tuesday it is then.
2.
A: What did you think of the lecture Frank?
B: I (1) attend as I had an exam. What did you think?
A: It was very interesting but at times I (2) hear what the professor was saying as people were
talking.
B: How frustrating! What did you do?
A: I moved to a seat nearer the front and I (3) hear more clearly from there. I took a lot of
notes.
B: Good idea. (4) I take a look at them please?
3.
A: How come you are starting German classes Paul?
B: I am being transferred to Berlin by my company, so I need to (1) communicate.
A: I see. (2) you speak any basic words?
B: Unfortunately not, I (3) say ‘hello’ but that’s about it so far.
A: Don’t worry, I am sure that within a few months of classes you (4) get by.
B: I hope so!
34
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