Phytoalexins and Phytoncides
The structures of the phytoalexins and phytoncides sophoraflavanone G, calozey-
loxanthone, -mangostin, and stilbene oligomers, as used in the anti-VRE and
anti-MRSA activity tests reported here, are shown in Figs. 7.1–7.4.
Sophoraflavanone G is a flavanone derivative, calozeyloxanthone and -mangos-
tin are xanthone derivatives, and stilbene oligomers (gnemonol B and gnetin E) be-
long to the polyphenol group, respectively.
7.2 Phytoalexins and Phytoncides 139
Fig. 7.1 The structure of sophoraflavanone G.
Fig. 7.2 The structure of calozeyloxanthone.
Fig. 7.3 The structure of -mangostin and â-mangostin.
7.3
Antibiotics
The commercially available antibiotics ampicillin, gentamicin, minocycline, fos-
fomycin, and vancomycin hydrochloride were used for the test of synergistic stud-
ies.
7.4
Bacteria and Broth
7.4.1
VRE
Five strains of VRE (Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 51299, E. faecalis ATCC 51575,
E. faecium ATCC 51559, E. faecium KIHC-237, and E. gallinarum KIHC-241) were
used in this experiment. The three ATCC strains were purchased from American
Type Culture Collection (ATCC). Two strains of E. faecium KIHC-237 and E. gallinarum
KIHC-241 were supplied by Kobe Institute of Public Health. The geno-
types of E. faecalis ATCC 51299, E. faecium KIHC-237, and E. gallinarum KIHC-241
are van B(+), van A(+) and van C1(+), respectively. The genotypes of the other two
VRE, E. faecalis ATCC 51575 and E. faecium ATCC 51559, were unknown.
140 7 Anti-MRSA and Anti-VRE Activities of Phytoalexins and Phytoncides Isolated from Tropical Plants
Fig. 7.4 The structure
of stilbene oligomers
(gnemonol B and
gnetin E).
7.4.2
VSE
Three strains of vancomycin-sensitive enterococci (VSE) (E. faecalis IFO 12965, E.
faecium IFO 3535, and E. faecalis ATCC 8459) were used in this experiment. The
strains were purchased from Institute for Fermentation of Osaka (IFO), Japan, and
ATCC, respectively.
7.4.3
MRSA
Each of three strains (total: nine strains) of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) were kindly donated by Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardio-
vascular Diseases, Osaka National Hospital and Kitano Hospital in 1997.
7.4.4
MSSA
Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), Staphylococcus aureus IFO
13276, S. aureus IFO 12732, and S. aureus IFO 3060 used in this experiment were
purchased from IFO.
7.4.5
Broth
SCD broth (Nihon Pharm. Co., Ltd., Japan) was used for preincubation of VRE,
VSE, MRSA, and MSSA. Mueller-Hinton (MH) Agar (Difco Co., Ltd., USA) was
used for the measurement of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC).
The structures of the phytoalexins and phytoncides sophoraflavanone G, calozey-
loxanthone, -mangostin, and stilbene oligomers, as used in the anti-VRE and
anti-MRSA activity tests reported here, are shown in Figs. 7.1–7.4.
Sophoraflavanone G is a flavanone derivative, calozeyloxanthone and -mangos-
tin are xanthone derivatives, and stilbene oligomers (gnemonol B and gnetin E) be-
long to the polyphenol group, respectively.
7.2 Phytoalexins and Phytoncides 139
Fig. 7.1 The structure of sophoraflavanone G.
Fig. 7.2 The structure of calozeyloxanthone.
Fig. 7.3 The structure of -mangostin and â-mangostin.
7.3
Antibiotics
The commercially available antibiotics ampicillin, gentamicin, minocycline, fos-
fomycin, and vancomycin hydrochloride were used for the test of synergistic stud-
ies.
7.4
Bacteria and Broth
7.4.1
VRE
Five strains of VRE (Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 51299, E. faecalis ATCC 51575,
E. faecium ATCC 51559, E. faecium KIHC-237, and E. gallinarum KIHC-241) were
used in this experiment. The three ATCC strains were purchased from American
Type Culture Collection (ATCC). Two strains of E. faecium KIHC-237 and E. gallinarum
KIHC-241 were supplied by Kobe Institute of Public Health. The geno-
types of E. faecalis ATCC 51299, E. faecium KIHC-237, and E. gallinarum KIHC-241
are van B(+), van A(+) and van C1(+), respectively. The genotypes of the other two
VRE, E. faecalis ATCC 51575 and E. faecium ATCC 51559, were unknown.
140 7 Anti-MRSA and Anti-VRE Activities of Phytoalexins and Phytoncides Isolated from Tropical Plants
Fig. 7.4 The structure
of stilbene oligomers
(gnemonol B and
gnetin E).
7.4.2
VSE
Three strains of vancomycin-sensitive enterococci (VSE) (E. faecalis IFO 12965, E.
faecium IFO 3535, and E. faecalis ATCC 8459) were used in this experiment. The
strains were purchased from Institute for Fermentation of Osaka (IFO), Japan, and
ATCC, respectively.
7.4.3
MRSA
Each of three strains (total: nine strains) of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) were kindly donated by Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardio-
vascular Diseases, Osaka National Hospital and Kitano Hospital in 1997.
7.4.4
MSSA
Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), Staphylococcus aureus IFO
13276, S. aureus IFO 12732, and S. aureus IFO 3060 used in this experiment were
purchased from IFO.
7.4.5
Broth
SCD broth (Nihon Pharm. Co., Ltd., Japan) was used for preincubation of VRE,
VSE, MRSA, and MSSA. Mueller-Hinton (MH) Agar (Difco Co., Ltd., USA) was
used for the measurement of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC).
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