Review Exercises
Missing Structure Words
Students may discover other ways of cl a ri f ying the ambiguous headlines in addition to what we suggest.
1 . Either C a n adian or C a n adian Seals could be the subject of this sentence; either seals or deal could be the
main verb. Adding determiners clears up both ambiguities: A Canadian Seals A Deal With Creditors.
2. Appeal could be a verb (makes something appeal to) or a noun (makes an appeal). Adding a
determiner clarifies the meaning: Clinton Makes A Domestic Violence Appeal to Men.
3. Being shot could modify either deer or jets. Adding the auxiliary makes clear which is intended: Deer
Interfering with Jets Are Being Shot at Philly Airport.
4. It appears that the mad cow might have been the speaker at the arts center. A determiner helps: A
Mad Cow Speaker at Arts Center. The result is still slightly ambiguous. Does mad modify cow or
speaker? Inserting disease and rewriting the headline might clarify it further: Speaker on Mad Cow
Disease at Arts Center. Or one could use a determiner to make the other meaning unambiguous:
Mad Cow a Speaker at Arts Center.
5. This could mean that the killer is being given a bike. Inserting an auxiliary makes the meaning
clear: Teen Is Guilty of Killing to Get Bike.
6. This seems to suggest that narcolepsy is more prevalent than thought is. Inserting the auxiliary
helps: Narcolepsy May Be More P revalent in Women Than Was Thought.
Pronouns
1. I personal
our possessive
her possessive
2. its possessive
everyone indefinite
3. one indefinite
oneself reflexive
4. their possessive
each other reciprocal
themselves reflexive
5. Ours possessive
anyone indefinite
6. we personal
one another reciprocal
ourselves reflexive
we personal
ourselves reflexive
EX–24 EX ERCISE ANSWER KEY
Structure Identification
This exercise provides the opportunity to review structure class/form class distinctions.
1. When - subordinator
into - a verb particle; part of phrasal verb break into
him - personal pronoun
two - determiner, cardinal number
up - a verb particle; part of phrasal verb turned up
at - preposition
his - determiner, possessive
more than - phrasal qualifier
2. up - a verb particle, part of phrasal verb gathered up
all - predeterminer, indefinite
his - determiner, possessive pronoun
enough - qualifier
them - personal pronoun
from - preposition
one - determiner, cardinal number
but - coordinating conjunction
neither ... nor - correlative conjunction
he - personal pronoun
his - determiner, possessive pronoun
could - modal auxiliary
why - relative adverb
the - determiner, definite article
was - be auxiliary
with - preposition
so - qualifier
much - determiner, indefinite
3. That1 - determiner, demonstrative
that2 - relative pronoun
was - verb; not an auxiliary here
right - qualifier
across ... from - preposition
must - modal auxiliary
have - have auxiliary
down - verb particle, part of phrasal verb closed down
very - qualifier
Did - do auxiliary
that3 - demonstrative pronoun
because - subordinating conjunction
EX ERCISE ANSWER KEY EX–25
out - verb particle, part of phrasal verb ran out
of - preposition
or - coordinating conjunction
away - verb particle, part of phrasal verb take away
too - qualifier
much - indefinite pronoun
of - preposition
his - determiner, possessive pronoun
4. Our - determiner, possessive pronoun
whose - relative pronoun and possessive determiner
was - verb
just - qualifier
a bit - qualifier
about - preposition
therefore - conjunctive adverb
quite - qualifier
his - determiner, possessive pronoun
most - qualifier
him - personal pronoun
with - preposition
a - determiner, indefinite article
at - preposition
of - preposition
all - predeterminer, indefinite
our - determiner, possessive pronoun
5. On - preposition
her - determiner, possessive pronoun
first1 - postdeterminer, ordinal number
after - subordinating conjunction
a - determiner, indefinite article
the - determiner, definite article
had - have auxiliary
her - determiner, possessive pronoun
consequently - conjunctive adverb
she - personal pronoun
was - be auxiliary
first2 - determiner, ordinal number
for - preposition
her - determiner, possessive pronoun
whole - adjective, not a structure word here
EX–26 EX ERCISE ANSWER KEY
Missing Structure Words
Students may discover other ways of cl a ri f ying the ambiguous headlines in addition to what we suggest.
1 . Either C a n adian or C a n adian Seals could be the subject of this sentence; either seals or deal could be the
main verb. Adding determiners clears up both ambiguities: A Canadian Seals A Deal With Creditors.
2. Appeal could be a verb (makes something appeal to) or a noun (makes an appeal). Adding a
determiner clarifies the meaning: Clinton Makes A Domestic Violence Appeal to Men.
3. Being shot could modify either deer or jets. Adding the auxiliary makes clear which is intended: Deer
Interfering with Jets Are Being Shot at Philly Airport.
4. It appears that the mad cow might have been the speaker at the arts center. A determiner helps: A
Mad Cow Speaker at Arts Center. The result is still slightly ambiguous. Does mad modify cow or
speaker? Inserting disease and rewriting the headline might clarify it further: Speaker on Mad Cow
Disease at Arts Center. Or one could use a determiner to make the other meaning unambiguous:
Mad Cow a Speaker at Arts Center.
5. This could mean that the killer is being given a bike. Inserting an auxiliary makes the meaning
clear: Teen Is Guilty of Killing to Get Bike.
6. This seems to suggest that narcolepsy is more prevalent than thought is. Inserting the auxiliary
helps: Narcolepsy May Be More P revalent in Women Than Was Thought.
Pronouns
1. I personal
our possessive
her possessive
2. its possessive
everyone indefinite
3. one indefinite
oneself reflexive
4. their possessive
each other reciprocal
themselves reflexive
5. Ours possessive
anyone indefinite
6. we personal
one another reciprocal
ourselves reflexive
we personal
ourselves reflexive
EX–24 EX ERCISE ANSWER KEY
Structure Identification
This exercise provides the opportunity to review structure class/form class distinctions.
1. When - subordinator
into - a verb particle; part of phrasal verb break into
him - personal pronoun
two - determiner, cardinal number
up - a verb particle; part of phrasal verb turned up
at - preposition
his - determiner, possessive
more than - phrasal qualifier
2. up - a verb particle, part of phrasal verb gathered up
all - predeterminer, indefinite
his - determiner, possessive pronoun
enough - qualifier
them - personal pronoun
from - preposition
one - determiner, cardinal number
but - coordinating conjunction
neither ... nor - correlative conjunction
he - personal pronoun
his - determiner, possessive pronoun
could - modal auxiliary
why - relative adverb
the - determiner, definite article
was - be auxiliary
with - preposition
so - qualifier
much - determiner, indefinite
3. That1 - determiner, demonstrative
that2 - relative pronoun
was - verb; not an auxiliary here
right - qualifier
across ... from - preposition
must - modal auxiliary
have - have auxiliary
down - verb particle, part of phrasal verb closed down
very - qualifier
Did - do auxiliary
that3 - demonstrative pronoun
because - subordinating conjunction
EX ERCISE ANSWER KEY EX–25
out - verb particle, part of phrasal verb ran out
of - preposition
or - coordinating conjunction
away - verb particle, part of phrasal verb take away
too - qualifier
much - indefinite pronoun
of - preposition
his - determiner, possessive pronoun
4. Our - determiner, possessive pronoun
whose - relative pronoun and possessive determiner
was - verb
just - qualifier
a bit - qualifier
about - preposition
therefore - conjunctive adverb
quite - qualifier
his - determiner, possessive pronoun
most - qualifier
him - personal pronoun
with - preposition
a - determiner, indefinite article
at - preposition
of - preposition
all - predeterminer, indefinite
our - determiner, possessive pronoun
5. On - preposition
her - determiner, possessive pronoun
first1 - postdeterminer, ordinal number
after - subordinating conjunction
a - determiner, indefinite article
the - determiner, definite article
had - have auxiliary
her - determiner, possessive pronoun
consequently - conjunctive adverb
she - personal pronoun
was - be auxiliary
first2 - determiner, ordinal number
for - preposition
her - determiner, possessive pronoun
whole - adjective, not a structure word here
EX–26 EX ERCISE ANSWER KEY
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