Tsukiyotake (Lampteromyces japonicus Singer
There are about 40 species of poisonous mushrooms growing in Japan, and some
of them are very like the edible mushrooms in appearance, which often results in
mushroom intoxication. Inedible tsukiyotake (Lampteromyces japonicus) closely re-
sembles the edible mushroom hiratake (Pleurotus ostreatus Quel) and is a leading
cause of mushroom poisoning, with symptoms of nausea and diarrhea. The main
toxic substance in tsukiyotake is “Illudin S,” which induces vomiting and diarrhea
30 min after ingestion, but few lethal cases have been reported. Amazingly, people
in mountainous village have knowledge of how to detoxify poisonous mushroom
and make them edible.
Boiled water extracts and two fractionates (Fr. I and II) were first used in mouse
toxin tests, then in antitumor tests. Fr. I induced diarrhea in mouse and Fr. II
showed lethal toxicity after 5 mg intraperitoneal injection (Table 4.10). Intraperito-
neal injection of 1 mg Fr. II showed no lethal toxicity, and this dosage did not af-
fect blood cell constituents in mouse (Table 4.11). Oral administration of Fr. II
prior to tumor transplantation effectively inhibited growth of the tumor by 80%
(Table 4.12), but Fr. I did not show antitumor activity.
90 4 Bioactive Phytocompounds and Products Traditionally Used in Japan
Table 4.9 Tumor curative potency of RNA and â-glucan separated from maitake
extracts against Meth A tumor.
Fraction Cure rate
Low molecular RNA (1 mg, 3 shots) 4/5
High molecular RNA (1 mg, 3 shots) 2/5
â-Glucan (1 mg, 3 shots) 1/5
Control 0/5
Tumor-transplanted mouse was treated with sample on days 2, 4, and 6 after tumor
transplantation. Antitumor activity was evaluated three weeks after tumor transplantation.
Oral administration of Fr. II resulted in a higher cure rate against mouse tumor
than intratumor injection. The mechanisms of action remain unclear because
there is no cytotoxicity against Meth A tumor cells and no effect on the number of
immune cells (CD8+ T cells, natural killer (NK) cells) in peripheral blood. Ubiqui-
tous constituent(s) with anti-tumor potency such as glucan presumably exists
among both edible (Maitake) and non-edible (Tsukiyotake) mushrooms, which is a
principal reason for two types of mushrooms could demonstrate anti-tumor activ-
ity.
4.3 Mushroom 91
Table 4.10 Toxicity test of tsukiyotake (Lampteromyces japonicus) fractionates
in a mouse model.
Time after administration Fr. I (5 mg, i.p.) Fr. II (5 mg, i.p.)
4 h 1/5 (diarrhea) No change
7 h 5/5 (diarrhea) No change
24 h 5/5 (diarrhea) No change
2 days All recovered No change
11 days Normal 4/5 (died)
12 days Normal 5/5 (died)
i.p., intraperitoneal injection.
Table 4.11 Blood cell constituents in mice injected with tsukiyotake Fr. II.
Group (n = 4) RBC (104) WBC (103) Ht (%) Hb (%)
Fr. II 992±17.1 56±4.0 57.2±1.4 16.7±0.2
Control 924±5.2 57±6.8 54.3±0.3 16.7±0.2
RBC, red blood cell; WBC, white blood cell; Ht, hematocrit; Hb, hemoglobin.
No toxicity was observed for Fr. II by 1 mg intraperitoneal injection.
Table 4.12 Antitumor activity of tsukiyotake toadstool Fr. II by oral administration
in a Meth A tumor model.
Dosage of Fr. II Cured mice Tumor size in noncured mice (mm2)
1 mg 4/5 35
5 mg 2/5 54±30
Control 0/5 592±112
Fr. II was administered orally for a week before tumor transplantation, then antitumor
activity was evaluated three weeks after tumor transplantation.
There are about 40 species of poisonous mushrooms growing in Japan, and some
of them are very like the edible mushrooms in appearance, which often results in
mushroom intoxication. Inedible tsukiyotake (Lampteromyces japonicus) closely re-
sembles the edible mushroom hiratake (Pleurotus ostreatus Quel) and is a leading
cause of mushroom poisoning, with symptoms of nausea and diarrhea. The main
toxic substance in tsukiyotake is “Illudin S,” which induces vomiting and diarrhea
30 min after ingestion, but few lethal cases have been reported. Amazingly, people
in mountainous village have knowledge of how to detoxify poisonous mushroom
and make them edible.
Boiled water extracts and two fractionates (Fr. I and II) were first used in mouse
toxin tests, then in antitumor tests. Fr. I induced diarrhea in mouse and Fr. II
showed lethal toxicity after 5 mg intraperitoneal injection (Table 4.10). Intraperito-
neal injection of 1 mg Fr. II showed no lethal toxicity, and this dosage did not af-
fect blood cell constituents in mouse (Table 4.11). Oral administration of Fr. II
prior to tumor transplantation effectively inhibited growth of the tumor by 80%
(Table 4.12), but Fr. I did not show antitumor activity.
90 4 Bioactive Phytocompounds and Products Traditionally Used in Japan
Table 4.9 Tumor curative potency of RNA and â-glucan separated from maitake
extracts against Meth A tumor.
Fraction Cure rate
Low molecular RNA (1 mg, 3 shots) 4/5
High molecular RNA (1 mg, 3 shots) 2/5
â-Glucan (1 mg, 3 shots) 1/5
Control 0/5
Tumor-transplanted mouse was treated with sample on days 2, 4, and 6 after tumor
transplantation. Antitumor activity was evaluated three weeks after tumor transplantation.
Oral administration of Fr. II resulted in a higher cure rate against mouse tumor
than intratumor injection. The mechanisms of action remain unclear because
there is no cytotoxicity against Meth A tumor cells and no effect on the number of
immune cells (CD8+ T cells, natural killer (NK) cells) in peripheral blood. Ubiqui-
tous constituent(s) with anti-tumor potency such as glucan presumably exists
among both edible (Maitake) and non-edible (Tsukiyotake) mushrooms, which is a
principal reason for two types of mushrooms could demonstrate anti-tumor activ-
ity.
4.3 Mushroom 91
Table 4.10 Toxicity test of tsukiyotake (Lampteromyces japonicus) fractionates
in a mouse model.
Time after administration Fr. I (5 mg, i.p.) Fr. II (5 mg, i.p.)
4 h 1/5 (diarrhea) No change
7 h 5/5 (diarrhea) No change
24 h 5/5 (diarrhea) No change
2 days All recovered No change
11 days Normal 4/5 (died)
12 days Normal 5/5 (died)
i.p., intraperitoneal injection.
Table 4.11 Blood cell constituents in mice injected with tsukiyotake Fr. II.
Group (n = 4) RBC (104) WBC (103) Ht (%) Hb (%)
Fr. II 992±17.1 56±4.0 57.2±1.4 16.7±0.2
Control 924±5.2 57±6.8 54.3±0.3 16.7±0.2
RBC, red blood cell; WBC, white blood cell; Ht, hematocrit; Hb, hemoglobin.
No toxicity was observed for Fr. II by 1 mg intraperitoneal injection.
Table 4.12 Antitumor activity of tsukiyotake toadstool Fr. II by oral administration
in a Meth A tumor model.
Dosage of Fr. II Cured mice Tumor size in noncured mice (mm2)
1 mg 4/5 35
5 mg 2/5 54±30
Control 0/5 592±112
Fr. II was administered orally for a week before tumor transplantation, then antitumor
activity was evaluated three weeks after tumor transplantation.
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