water pollution causes and effects
All communities and industries have an impact on the
environment. Sometimes, this impact is so serious that
people become worried about the amount of pollution in
their area. But in communities around the world, people
are also finding ways to clean up their environments.
Here are just two of their stories.
Many cities are built near rivers. Rivers provide water
and facilitate transport to communities. They are also
a beautiful setting for biking and walking trails. Birds
and other wildlife depend on them for food and habitat.
However, rivers that flow through cities can become
choked with rubbish and pollutants. One such river
was the Bow River in Calgary, Canada. One day, twelveyear-
old Sandra Crawford was walking along the side
of the Bow River. She noticed an entire mattress lying
in the river. She tried to pull it out on her own, but she
could not. So Sandra wrote a letter to the newspaper
saying that too much rubbish had been thrown into the
river. Her feelings were shared by many citizens, and
they decided to do something about the pollution.
That was back in 1967. Sandra’s complaint led to the
annual Pathway and River Cleanup. Every May, teams
of volunteers head out to the river to pick up rubbish
and carry it out. Many people volunteer with their
families, or with their friends or colleagues. Others
belong to clubs that do outdoor activities such as hiking,
bird watching, cycling, or fishing. Participation in the
cleanup is encouraged by local politicians. Each team
chooses a part of the river to clean up and appoints a
leader. On the big day, thousands of volunteers have
free breakfast and then get to work! Teams may win
prizes, too. One year, the prize went to the team who
found the most unusual piece of rubbish. Some teams
found money and abandoned vintage cars. The winner
came across a glass bottle full of notes – the thoughts of
a homeless man on his life.
Other places are too dirty even for dedicated volunteers
to clean up. They need professionals called landscape
architects, who are both scientists and artists. Blacklick
Creek, in Pennsylvania, was the site of a coal mine for
almost sixty years. 2500 people lived and worked in the
town when the mine was operating, but when it closed
down, few stayed behind. The mine left not only a ghost
town, but a whole area which has been polluted with
old machinery and harmful chemicals. The water of the
creek was so acidic that if you swam in the creek, your
hair would turn orange. As the water travelled farther
away, it made the water of other towns dirty.
Julie Bargmann had an idea to clean up Blacklick
Creek while keeping its history alive. To her, making
old industrial sites clean and safe is an art. While some
people might try to hide the damage, Bargmann uses
what she finds to create a new look for the landscape.
Orange water is just one of the bizarre colours chemical
pollutants cause. Bargmann allowed water to collect in
orange pools and planted bright red sugar maple trees
around them. Over time, the pools will fade to yellow,
as the chemicals break down. When the water turns
a healthy blue colour, the red trees will be replaced by
blue-green sycamore trees. Other polluted water flows
into a wetland, where bacteria will eat the sulphur
in it, turning it once again into clean water. All the
processes are completely natural and save money as
well. Bargmann even left the old mining equipment
and buildings in place so that the people who worked in
the mines, often doing dangerous jobs, could visit and
remember their lives there.
No place will ever be the same once a city has been built
or an industry has taken something from the earth.
However, places can be kept safe and pleasant to live in
or visit through the hard work and creativity of people.
GRAMMAR
Look at the following examples of the Passive Voice
from the text on page 79 and answer the questions
that follow.
1. Many cities are built near rivers.
Which of the two is more important?
a. who built the cities
b. the action of building the cities
2. Participation in the cleanup is encouraged by local
politicians.
What is the meaning of the sentence?
a. The cleanup participants encourage politicians.
b. Politicians encourage people to take part in the
cleanup.
A. Look at the chart below. Which nouns indicate an
action and which the person or thing doing the action?
VOCABULARY
FOCUS ON USE
1. PASSIVE VOICE I
1. NOUNS ENDING IN -ION AND -ANT
2. WORDS EASILY CONFUSED
A. Look at the examples in the previous activity and
complete the rule below.
Grammar Reference p. 138.
B. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the
words in capitals.
1. The Environmental Agency has received a
lot of forms from people
interested in doing volunteer work.
2. The of the area that was
burnt in the fire spent a day
replanting trees.
3. All the in the poetry
competition have to submit their poems by
the end of the month.
4. The organisation is looking for volunteers
to help with the of sea
turtles.
5. John is going to be my
in the koala project.
6. The of a safari park is
an idea that not everyone agrees with.
7. Among all the we
interviewed, I believe George Dawson is
the best.
APPLY
INHABIT
CONTEST
PROTECT
ASSIST
CREATE
APPLY
VERBS NOUNS
pollute pollution pollutant
participate participation participant
Use the correct form of the words in the boxes to
complete the sentences.
1. I still have a large of work to do.
2. He was fined a(n) of £500 for not
paying his electricity bill.
3. Omer decided to his university
studies in favour of getting a full-time job.
4. The firefighters ordered the residents to
the building immediately.
5. We need a new washing .
6. They transported the for the new
factory in several cargo ships.
7. They believe the aeroplane was experiencing
trouble before it landed.
8. The computer has undergone
massive changes in the last twenty years.
9. His father worked in a chocolate
for nearly forty years.
abandon evacuate
engine machine machinery
factory industry
sum amount
FOCUS ON FORM
B. Match the examples 1-6 taken from the text with
the correct passive tense a-f.
Passive Voice
subject + verb + past participle
1. ... too much rubbish had been thrown into the river.
2. ... places can be kept safe and pleasant to live in or
visit...
3. Her feelings were shared by many citizens...
4. ... the red trees will be replaced by blue-green
sycamore trees.
5. Many cities are built near rivers.
6. ... a whole area which has been polluted with old
machinery and harmful chemicals.
a. Present Simple
am/is/are + past participle
b. Past Simple
was/were + past participle
c. Present Perfect Simple
have/has + been + past participle
d. Past Perfect Simple
had + been + past participle
e. Future will
will + be + past participle
f. Modal Verbs
can/must/may/should, etc. + be + past participle
PASSIVE VOICE
80
2. PRACTICE
A. Read the text below and circle the correct verb form.
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in
capitals.
ENGLISH IN USE
Jungle holidays help to raise money to protect threatened wildlife, but the
ever growing number of tourists trekking through the African jungle
(1) has been proved / has proved by scientists to be a threat to apes. Nature
tourism or eco-tourism as it (2) is called / is calling has never before been
so popular, so thousands of people are thrilled with the idea of making their
way through a forest to see African gorillas. This kind of holiday is popular
in many African countries because it helps the local economy and
(3) raises / is raised money so that wildlife (4) will be protected /
will be protecting both now and in the future. Unfortunately, contact with
tourists (5) has been discovered / has been discovering to cause fatal diseases
in apes. The first evidence (6) was found / found in a country in western
Africa where a group of chimpanzees died of a disease which they (7) had
been caught / had caught from humans. These findings (8) have made /
have been made the protection of the decreasing numbers of apes in
Africa more difficult as the money from tourists (9) needs / is needed
to protect the animals from illegal hunting. Scientists have come up
with ways in which tourists can (10) be allowed / allow to visit the
animals without infecting them. They hope that these measures
(11) will protect / will be protected the animals, while at the
same time allow tourists to get close to them.
No matter where in the world you are, you can be
sure that (1) of big cities enjoy the
splashes of bright colour that nature adds to their
often grey and (2) streets. Many
local councils are nowadays (3)
schemes to improve the environment in which
people live and work. For example, the East
End of London, an area which used to be full of
factories and industrial (4) , is
being cleaned and improved by planting thousands
of flowers and fruit trees. Local schools are
enthusiastic (5) and, at the
moment, are involved in putting two huge schemes
into practice. The first one is to put flower beds
inside old factories, from which all the machinery
has been removed. The second activity will be to
introduce apple and cherry trees to a rather
(6) toxic waste area. Of course,
city life cannot be (7) changed
but it can certainly be made greener and
(8) .
INHABIT
DIRT
COURAGE
POLLUTE
PARTICIPATE
PLEASE
COMPLETE
HEALTH
B. Write each of the following sentences in the
Passive Voice starting with the words given.
1. Someone opened a new sushi restaurant in our
neighbourhood last month.
A new sushi restaurant
.
2. We will definitely finish the project by the end
of the month.
The project
.
3. We must pay the electricity bill by Monday.
The electricity bill
.
4. We will announce the name of the new coach at
10am.
The name of the new coach
.
5. What time do they serve breakfast at the hotel?
What time
?
6. They didn’t feed the chimpanzees this morning.
The chimpanzees
.
All communities and industries have an impact on the
environment. Sometimes, this impact is so serious that
people become worried about the amount of pollution in
their area. But in communities around the world, people
are also finding ways to clean up their environments.
Here are just two of their stories.
Many cities are built near rivers. Rivers provide water
and facilitate transport to communities. They are also
a beautiful setting for biking and walking trails. Birds
and other wildlife depend on them for food and habitat.
However, rivers that flow through cities can become
choked with rubbish and pollutants. One such river
was the Bow River in Calgary, Canada. One day, twelveyear-
old Sandra Crawford was walking along the side
of the Bow River. She noticed an entire mattress lying
in the river. She tried to pull it out on her own, but she
could not. So Sandra wrote a letter to the newspaper
saying that too much rubbish had been thrown into the
river. Her feelings were shared by many citizens, and
they decided to do something about the pollution.
That was back in 1967. Sandra’s complaint led to the
annual Pathway and River Cleanup. Every May, teams
of volunteers head out to the river to pick up rubbish
and carry it out. Many people volunteer with their
families, or with their friends or colleagues. Others
belong to clubs that do outdoor activities such as hiking,
bird watching, cycling, or fishing. Participation in the
cleanup is encouraged by local politicians. Each team
chooses a part of the river to clean up and appoints a
leader. On the big day, thousands of volunteers have
free breakfast and then get to work! Teams may win
prizes, too. One year, the prize went to the team who
found the most unusual piece of rubbish. Some teams
found money and abandoned vintage cars. The winner
came across a glass bottle full of notes – the thoughts of
a homeless man on his life.
Other places are too dirty even for dedicated volunteers
to clean up. They need professionals called landscape
architects, who are both scientists and artists. Blacklick
Creek, in Pennsylvania, was the site of a coal mine for
almost sixty years. 2500 people lived and worked in the
town when the mine was operating, but when it closed
down, few stayed behind. The mine left not only a ghost
town, but a whole area which has been polluted with
old machinery and harmful chemicals. The water of the
creek was so acidic that if you swam in the creek, your
hair would turn orange. As the water travelled farther
away, it made the water of other towns dirty.
Julie Bargmann had an idea to clean up Blacklick
Creek while keeping its history alive. To her, making
old industrial sites clean and safe is an art. While some
people might try to hide the damage, Bargmann uses
what she finds to create a new look for the landscape.
Orange water is just one of the bizarre colours chemical
pollutants cause. Bargmann allowed water to collect in
orange pools and planted bright red sugar maple trees
around them. Over time, the pools will fade to yellow,
as the chemicals break down. When the water turns
a healthy blue colour, the red trees will be replaced by
blue-green sycamore trees. Other polluted water flows
into a wetland, where bacteria will eat the sulphur
in it, turning it once again into clean water. All the
processes are completely natural and save money as
well. Bargmann even left the old mining equipment
and buildings in place so that the people who worked in
the mines, often doing dangerous jobs, could visit and
remember their lives there.
No place will ever be the same once a city has been built
or an industry has taken something from the earth.
However, places can be kept safe and pleasant to live in
or visit through the hard work and creativity of people.
GRAMMAR
Look at the following examples of the Passive Voice
from the text on page 79 and answer the questions
that follow.
1. Many cities are built near rivers.
Which of the two is more important?
a. who built the cities
b. the action of building the cities
2. Participation in the cleanup is encouraged by local
politicians.
What is the meaning of the sentence?
a. The cleanup participants encourage politicians.
b. Politicians encourage people to take part in the
cleanup.
A. Look at the chart below. Which nouns indicate an
action and which the person or thing doing the action?
VOCABULARY
FOCUS ON USE
1. PASSIVE VOICE I
1. NOUNS ENDING IN -ION AND -ANT
2. WORDS EASILY CONFUSED
A. Look at the examples in the previous activity and
complete the rule below.
Grammar Reference p. 138.
B. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the
words in capitals.
1. The Environmental Agency has received a
lot of forms from people
interested in doing volunteer work.
2. The of the area that was
burnt in the fire spent a day
replanting trees.
3. All the in the poetry
competition have to submit their poems by
the end of the month.
4. The organisation is looking for volunteers
to help with the of sea
turtles.
5. John is going to be my
in the koala project.
6. The of a safari park is
an idea that not everyone agrees with.
7. Among all the we
interviewed, I believe George Dawson is
the best.
APPLY
INHABIT
CONTEST
PROTECT
ASSIST
CREATE
APPLY
VERBS NOUNS
pollute pollution pollutant
participate participation participant
Use the correct form of the words in the boxes to
complete the sentences.
1. I still have a large of work to do.
2. He was fined a(n) of £500 for not
paying his electricity bill.
3. Omer decided to his university
studies in favour of getting a full-time job.
4. The firefighters ordered the residents to
the building immediately.
5. We need a new washing .
6. They transported the for the new
factory in several cargo ships.
7. They believe the aeroplane was experiencing
trouble before it landed.
8. The computer has undergone
massive changes in the last twenty years.
9. His father worked in a chocolate
for nearly forty years.
abandon evacuate
engine machine machinery
factory industry
sum amount
FOCUS ON FORM
B. Match the examples 1-6 taken from the text with
the correct passive tense a-f.
Passive Voice
subject + verb + past participle
1. ... too much rubbish had been thrown into the river.
2. ... places can be kept safe and pleasant to live in or
visit...
3. Her feelings were shared by many citizens...
4. ... the red trees will be replaced by blue-green
sycamore trees.
5. Many cities are built near rivers.
6. ... a whole area which has been polluted with old
machinery and harmful chemicals.
a. Present Simple
am/is/are + past participle
b. Past Simple
was/were + past participle
c. Present Perfect Simple
have/has + been + past participle
d. Past Perfect Simple
had + been + past participle
e. Future will
will + be + past participle
f. Modal Verbs
can/must/may/should, etc. + be + past participle
PASSIVE VOICE
80
2. PRACTICE
A. Read the text below and circle the correct verb form.
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in
capitals.
ENGLISH IN USE
Jungle holidays help to raise money to protect threatened wildlife, but the
ever growing number of tourists trekking through the African jungle
(1) has been proved / has proved by scientists to be a threat to apes. Nature
tourism or eco-tourism as it (2) is called / is calling has never before been
so popular, so thousands of people are thrilled with the idea of making their
way through a forest to see African gorillas. This kind of holiday is popular
in many African countries because it helps the local economy and
(3) raises / is raised money so that wildlife (4) will be protected /
will be protecting both now and in the future. Unfortunately, contact with
tourists (5) has been discovered / has been discovering to cause fatal diseases
in apes. The first evidence (6) was found / found in a country in western
Africa where a group of chimpanzees died of a disease which they (7) had
been caught / had caught from humans. These findings (8) have made /
have been made the protection of the decreasing numbers of apes in
Africa more difficult as the money from tourists (9) needs / is needed
to protect the animals from illegal hunting. Scientists have come up
with ways in which tourists can (10) be allowed / allow to visit the
animals without infecting them. They hope that these measures
(11) will protect / will be protected the animals, while at the
same time allow tourists to get close to them.
No matter where in the world you are, you can be
sure that (1) of big cities enjoy the
splashes of bright colour that nature adds to their
often grey and (2) streets. Many
local councils are nowadays (3)
schemes to improve the environment in which
people live and work. For example, the East
End of London, an area which used to be full of
factories and industrial (4) , is
being cleaned and improved by planting thousands
of flowers and fruit trees. Local schools are
enthusiastic (5) and, at the
moment, are involved in putting two huge schemes
into practice. The first one is to put flower beds
inside old factories, from which all the machinery
has been removed. The second activity will be to
introduce apple and cherry trees to a rather
(6) toxic waste area. Of course,
city life cannot be (7) changed
but it can certainly be made greener and
(8) .
INHABIT
DIRT
COURAGE
POLLUTE
PARTICIPATE
PLEASE
COMPLETE
HEALTH
B. Write each of the following sentences in the
Passive Voice starting with the words given.
1. Someone opened a new sushi restaurant in our
neighbourhood last month.
A new sushi restaurant
.
2. We will definitely finish the project by the end
of the month.
The project
.
3. We must pay the electricity bill by Monday.
The electricity bill
.
4. We will announce the name of the new coach at
10am.
The name of the new coach
.
5. What time do they serve breakfast at the hotel?
What time
?
6. They didn’t feed the chimpanzees this morning.
The chimpanzees
.
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