Exercise ADVERB
1. urgently (5) Applicable: 1 – Has adverb-making suffix {-ly} on an adjective base; 2 – can be
ADVERB compared with more, most; 3 – intensifies: very urgently; 4 – can move in its
s e n t e n c e : He needs help urge n t l y. He urgently needs hel p; 5 – fits in frame sentence:
He told his story urge n t l y.
2. Friday (2) Applicable: 4 – Can move in its sentence: She left Friday. Friday she left; 5 – fits
NOT AN in frame sentence: He walked the dog Friday.
ADVERB Not applica b l e : 1 – Has no adve rb-making morph e m e ; 2 – does not take
c om p a ra t i ve or superl a t i ve : *m o re Fri d a y; 3 – does not intensify: *very Fri d a y.
A noun functioning adve rb i a lly; f u l f i lls all noun tests.
3. beastly (2) A p p l i ca b l e : 2 – Takes com p a ra t i ve and superl a t i ve inflections (b e a s t l i er, b e a s t l i e s t) ,
NOT AN but this is also true of adjectives; 3 – can be intensified (very beastly) but this is
ADVERB also true of adjectives.
Not applicable: 1 – Has an adjective-making morpheme {-ly} on a noun base;
4 – cannot move in its sentence: We’ve been having beastly weather. *We’ve beastly
been having weather; 5 – does not fit the frame sentence.
4. girlishly (5) Applicable: 1 – Has an adverb-making morpheme on an adjective base
ADVERB (girlish + {-ly}); 2 – can be made comparative or superlative: more/most girlishly;
3 – intensifies: very girlishly; 4 – can move in its sentence: She giggled girlishly;
Girlishly, she giggled); 5 – fits in frame sentence: She told the story girlishly.
5. forward (2) Applicable: 1 – Has adverb-making suffix {-ward}; 5 – fits in frame sentence:
ADVERB The army will move forward soon.
Not applicable: 2 – Probably cannot be compared: *more/most forward; 3 – does
not intensify: *The army will move very forward soon. [Note: There is an adjective
forward that can be compared and intesified: That’s a very forward child.]; 4 – for
most speakers, cannot move in its sentence.
6. someday (2) Applicable: 4 – Can move in its sentence: I’ll see you again someday; Someday I’ll
ADVERB see you again; 5 – fits in frame sentence: He will walk his dog someday.
Not applicable: 1 – Has no adverb-making morpheme; 2 – does not take
c om p a ra t i ve or superl a t i ve : *m o re/most someday; 3 – does not intensify: *very someday.
EX ERCISE ANSWER KEY EX–15
Exercise 4.12
1. rarely - FREQUENCY
2. utterly - DEGREE
3. ghoulishly - MANNER
4. everywhere - PLACE
5. tomorrow - TIME
6. finally - TIME
7. usually - FREQUENCY
8. rapidly - MANNER
Exercise 4.13
This is a good exercise for homework followed by class discussion. It gives the teacher an opportunity
to see who is having trouble with the concepts.
1. VERB functioning ADJECTIVALLY – It has a past participle verb inflection; it cannot pass the
adjective tests: *more monogrammed, *rather monogrammed, *The monogrammed shirt was very
monogrammed. Not a noun because it cannot inflect, nor can it fit in the frame sentence: *The
monogrammed seems okay.
2. ADJECTIVE or NOUN functioning ADJECTIVALLY – This one is ambiguous. Colors can
compare (more lavender) and intensify (very lavender), but they also occur as nouns (three different
lavenders; this lavender is darker than that one).
3. NOUN functioning ADJECTIVALLY – It fails the adjective tests; it can take noun inflections
(three dinners).
4. ADVERB – It fits the adverb frame and can compare and intensify. It also occurs as an adjective
(the late show), but there is no reason to think of it as other than an adverb in this adverbial slot.
5. NOUN functioning ADVERBIALLY – It fits the adverbial frame sentence and can move in its
sentence (Sunday I have lunch at home; I have lunch at home Sunday), but it cannot be made
comparative or superlative, nor can it be intensified. It takes noun inflections (Sundays).
6. ADJECTIVE – A prototype: It ends with an adjective-making derivational morpheme {-ical}; it
can be compared and intensified (more historical, most historical, very historical); and it fits the
adjective frame sentence: (The historical novel was very historical).
7. ADJECTIVE – It can be compared and intensified (shorter, shortest, very short), and it fits the
adjective frame sentence: His short story was very short.
8. NOUN – It fails the adjective tests, but it can take noun inflections (three detectives).
9. VERB – it fails the noun tests; it contains a verb present participle morpheme.
10. NOUN – It occurs in a noun slot and passes the noun tests: inflects and fits the frame.
EX–16 EX ERCISE ANSWER KEY
Exercise 4.14
1. NOUN – It fails the adjective tests, but it can take noun inflections (three colors). It can also take
verb inflections (he colors, colored, has colored, is coloring).
2. VERB – It fits the verb frame and can take verb inflections.
3. NOUN – It fails the adjective tests, but it can take noun inflections (three speeches).
4. NOUN – It fails the adjective tests, but it can take noun inflections (those humans).
5. ADJECTIVE – It has an adjective-forming derivational suffix and from it an adverb can be
derived with {-ly}. It can be compared (Her response was more physical than mental). It fits the frame
(The physical world is very physical). And it can be qualified for most speakers in sentences like
Theirs was a very physical response.
6. ADJECTIVE – A prototype: It ends with an adjective-making derivational morpheme {-ible}, it
can be compared and qualified, and it fits the adverb frame.
7. ADVERB – A prototype: It contains an adverb-making morpheme {-ly} on an adjective base, it
can be compared and qualified, and it fits the adverb frame.
8. ADJECTIVE or NOUN – This one is ambiguous. If you can compare it (a most European
community) or qualify it (a very European community), you are using it as an adjective. However, it is
also a noun, and if you think of European community as being a community of Europeans, then you
may have a strong sense that it is a noun modifying a noun.
1. urgently (5) Applicable: 1 – Has adverb-making suffix {-ly} on an adjective base; 2 – can be
ADVERB compared with more, most; 3 – intensifies: very urgently; 4 – can move in its
s e n t e n c e : He needs help urge n t l y. He urgently needs hel p; 5 – fits in frame sentence:
He told his story urge n t l y.
2. Friday (2) Applicable: 4 – Can move in its sentence: She left Friday. Friday she left; 5 – fits
NOT AN in frame sentence: He walked the dog Friday.
ADVERB Not applica b l e : 1 – Has no adve rb-making morph e m e ; 2 – does not take
c om p a ra t i ve or superl a t i ve : *m o re Fri d a y; 3 – does not intensify: *very Fri d a y.
A noun functioning adve rb i a lly; f u l f i lls all noun tests.
3. beastly (2) A p p l i ca b l e : 2 – Takes com p a ra t i ve and superl a t i ve inflections (b e a s t l i er, b e a s t l i e s t) ,
NOT AN but this is also true of adjectives; 3 – can be intensified (very beastly) but this is
ADVERB also true of adjectives.
Not applicable: 1 – Has an adjective-making morpheme {-ly} on a noun base;
4 – cannot move in its sentence: We’ve been having beastly weather. *We’ve beastly
been having weather; 5 – does not fit the frame sentence.
4. girlishly (5) Applicable: 1 – Has an adverb-making morpheme on an adjective base
ADVERB (girlish + {-ly}); 2 – can be made comparative or superlative: more/most girlishly;
3 – intensifies: very girlishly; 4 – can move in its sentence: She giggled girlishly;
Girlishly, she giggled); 5 – fits in frame sentence: She told the story girlishly.
5. forward (2) Applicable: 1 – Has adverb-making suffix {-ward}; 5 – fits in frame sentence:
ADVERB The army will move forward soon.
Not applicable: 2 – Probably cannot be compared: *more/most forward; 3 – does
not intensify: *The army will move very forward soon. [Note: There is an adjective
forward that can be compared and intesified: That’s a very forward child.]; 4 – for
most speakers, cannot move in its sentence.
6. someday (2) Applicable: 4 – Can move in its sentence: I’ll see you again someday; Someday I’ll
ADVERB see you again; 5 – fits in frame sentence: He will walk his dog someday.
Not applicable: 1 – Has no adverb-making morpheme; 2 – does not take
c om p a ra t i ve or superl a t i ve : *m o re/most someday; 3 – does not intensify: *very someday.
EX ERCISE ANSWER KEY EX–15
Exercise 4.12
1. rarely - FREQUENCY
2. utterly - DEGREE
3. ghoulishly - MANNER
4. everywhere - PLACE
5. tomorrow - TIME
6. finally - TIME
7. usually - FREQUENCY
8. rapidly - MANNER
Exercise 4.13
This is a good exercise for homework followed by class discussion. It gives the teacher an opportunity
to see who is having trouble with the concepts.
1. VERB functioning ADJECTIVALLY – It has a past participle verb inflection; it cannot pass the
adjective tests: *more monogrammed, *rather monogrammed, *The monogrammed shirt was very
monogrammed. Not a noun because it cannot inflect, nor can it fit in the frame sentence: *The
monogrammed seems okay.
2. ADJECTIVE or NOUN functioning ADJECTIVALLY – This one is ambiguous. Colors can
compare (more lavender) and intensify (very lavender), but they also occur as nouns (three different
lavenders; this lavender is darker than that one).
3. NOUN functioning ADJECTIVALLY – It fails the adjective tests; it can take noun inflections
(three dinners).
4. ADVERB – It fits the adverb frame and can compare and intensify. It also occurs as an adjective
(the late show), but there is no reason to think of it as other than an adverb in this adverbial slot.
5. NOUN functioning ADVERBIALLY – It fits the adverbial frame sentence and can move in its
sentence (Sunday I have lunch at home; I have lunch at home Sunday), but it cannot be made
comparative or superlative, nor can it be intensified. It takes noun inflections (Sundays).
6. ADJECTIVE – A prototype: It ends with an adjective-making derivational morpheme {-ical}; it
can be compared and intensified (more historical, most historical, very historical); and it fits the
adjective frame sentence: (The historical novel was very historical).
7. ADJECTIVE – It can be compared and intensified (shorter, shortest, very short), and it fits the
adjective frame sentence: His short story was very short.
8. NOUN – It fails the adjective tests, but it can take noun inflections (three detectives).
9. VERB – it fails the noun tests; it contains a verb present participle morpheme.
10. NOUN – It occurs in a noun slot and passes the noun tests: inflects and fits the frame.
EX–16 EX ERCISE ANSWER KEY
Exercise 4.14
1. NOUN – It fails the adjective tests, but it can take noun inflections (three colors). It can also take
verb inflections (he colors, colored, has colored, is coloring).
2. VERB – It fits the verb frame and can take verb inflections.
3. NOUN – It fails the adjective tests, but it can take noun inflections (three speeches).
4. NOUN – It fails the adjective tests, but it can take noun inflections (those humans).
5. ADJECTIVE – It has an adjective-forming derivational suffix and from it an adverb can be
derived with {-ly}. It can be compared (Her response was more physical than mental). It fits the frame
(The physical world is very physical). And it can be qualified for most speakers in sentences like
Theirs was a very physical response.
6. ADJECTIVE – A prototype: It ends with an adjective-making derivational morpheme {-ible}, it
can be compared and qualified, and it fits the adverb frame.
7. ADVERB – A prototype: It contains an adverb-making morpheme {-ly} on an adjective base, it
can be compared and qualified, and it fits the adverb frame.
8. ADJECTIVE or NOUN – This one is ambiguous. If you can compare it (a most European
community) or qualify it (a very European community), you are using it as an adjective. However, it is
also a noun, and if you think of European community as being a community of Europeans, then you
may have a strong sense that it is a noun modifying a noun.
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