FORM-CLASS WORDS
Exercise
This is a good exercise for small group work followed by class discussion.
geeshments Noun: It has a noun-making derivational suffix {-ment} and a noun inflectional suffix
(formal clues). It also follows a determiner and number, the nine, and by its position
seems to be the subject of the verb croodged (functional clues).
croodged Verb: It has a verb-inflectional suffix {-ed} (formal clue); its position suggests that
geeshments is its subject, and it seems to be followed by a direct object, their grallsters
(functional clues).
grallsters Noun: The {-er} ending looks like the noun-derivational agent suffix, and the {-s} looks
like the plural suffix (formal clues); their functions as a determiner preceding it
(functional clue).
murgroids Noun: It has the noun plural suffix {-s} (formal clue); it follows the determiner several
(functional clue).
glonkfully Adverb: It has an adverb-forming suffix {-ly} (formal clue); it occurs just before
splanked, an apparent verb (functional clue).
splanked Verb: It has a verb-inflectional suffix {-ed} (formal clue); it appears to have a noun,
murgroids, as its subject, and it is preceded and followed by verb modifiers (functional
clues).
skinnykins Noun: It has a noun-making derivational suffix {-kin} and ends in what can be a noun
plural suffix {-s} (formal clues); it follows a preposition and determiner (under their)
(functional clues).
Exercise 4.2
1. comic (4) Applicable: 2 – Occurs with plural morpheme: comics; 3 – occurs with possessive
NOUN morpheme: the comic’s performance; 4 – follows an article: the comic; 5 – fits the
frame sentence: The comic seems sad.
Not applicable: 1 – Has no noun-making derivational suffix.
2. shelf (4) Applicable: 2 – Becomes plura l : s h el ve s; 3 – becomes possessive : the shel f ’s position;
NOUN 4 – dire c t ly foll ows art i cl e : the shel f; 5 – fits in frame sentence: The shel f seems all ri g h t .
Not applicable: 1 – Has no noun-making derivational morpheme.
3. scanner (5) A p p l i ca b l e : 1 – Has noun-making morpheme {-er}; 2 – occurs with plura l : s ca n n er s ;
NOUN 3 – occurs with possessive: the scanner’s function; 4 – can directly follow article:
my scanner; 5 – fits in the frame sentence: The scanner seems all right.
EX–10 EX ERCISE ANSWER KEY
4. refusing (1) Applicable: 5 – Fits frame sentence: Refusing seems all right.
NOT A NOUN Not applica b l e : 1—Has no noun-making deri v a t i onal morph e m e : {-ing} is a ve rb
inflection; 2 – does not occur with plural inflection: *three refusings; 3 – does not
occur with possessive : the difficulties of ref u s i n g, but pro b a b ly not * ref u s i n g ’s difficulties
5. diligence (2) Applicable: 1 – Has a noun making morpheme {-ence} (intelligence, competence);
NOUN 5 – fits in frame sentence: Diligence seems necessary.
Not Applicable: 2 – Does not occur with plural morpheme: *three diligences;
3 – does not occur with possessive morpheme: the necessity for diligence, but
probably not *diligence’s necessity; 4 – does not occur without modifiers directly
following an article: *A diligence is good.
6. stroll (4) Applicable: 2 – Occurs with plural morpheme: our strolls; 3 – occurs with
NOUN possessive morpheme: the stroll’s length; 4 – directly follows an article: a stroll;
5 – fits in frame sentence: The stroll seems long.
Not applicable: 1 – Has no noun-making morpheme.
7. seasoning (4) Applicable: 2 – Occurs with plural: seasonings; 3 – occurs with possessive: the
NOUN seasoning’s strength; 4 – directly follows an article: the seasoning; 5 – fits in frame
sentence: The seasoning seems strong.
Not applicable: 1 – Has no noun-making derivational morpheme; {-ing} is
a verb inflection.
Exercise 4.3
This is a good exercise for small group work, followed by class discussion.
1. comic B (It contains an adjective-making morpheme {-ic}.)
2. shelf A (It meets all the criteria of prototypical nouns.)
3. scanner C (It is derived from the verb scan by the addition of the suffix {-er}.)
4. refusing G (This gerund has not become a true noun, as demonstrated by its not accepting
noun inflections.)
5. diligence B (It contains the noun-making morpheme {-ence}.)
6. stroll E (It functions as both a noun and a verb.)
7. seasoning C (Although it has the ve rb present participle suffix {-ing} and still functions as a
p resent participle in Some people are seasoning their food less nowad a y s, it has also becom e
a noun with meaning related to but independent from that of the ve rb, as in T h ere are
no seasonings in the kitch e n.That it is a true noun and not just a gerund is also shown by
the fact that it accepts both noun inflections and fits into the frame sentence.)
EX ERCISE ANSWER KEY EX–11
Exercise 4.4
1. chair count, common, inanimate, nonhuman (predictable from inanimate)
2. sunshine noncount, common, inanimate (predictable from noncount), nonhuman,
(predictable from inanimate)
3. Communism n on c o u n t , p ro p e r, i n a n i m a t e, ( p redictable from non c o u n t ) , n onhuman (pre d i c t a b l e
from inanimate)
4. computer count, common, inanimate, nonhuman (predictable from inanimate)
5. waiter count, common, animate, human, male
6. dislike noncount, common, inanimate, nonhuman (predictable from inanimate)
7. Garfield count, proper, animate, nonhuman, male
8. E.T. count, proper, animate, nonhuman, male?
Exercise 4.5
1. strike (7) Applicable: 2 – Occurs in present tense: strikes; 3 – occurs in past tense: struck;
VERB 4 – occurs as present participle: striking; 5 – occurs as past participle: stricken;
6 – can be made into command: Strike!; 7 – can be made negative: They didn’t
strike; 8 – fits in frame sentence: They must strike.
Not applicable: 1 – Has no verb-making morpheme.
2. ratify (8) Applicable: 1 – Has verb-making morpheme: {-ify}; 2 – occurs in present tense:
VERB ratifies; 3 – occurs in past tense: ratified; 4 – occurs as present participle: ratifying;
5 – occurs as past participle: ratified; 6 – can be made into command: Ratify this
agreement!; 7 – can be made negative: They didn’t ratify it; 8 – fits in frame
sentence: They must ratify the agreement.
3. enlarge (8) A p p l i ca b l e : 1 – Has verb-making morpheme: {en-}; 2 – Occurs in present tense:
VERB e n l a r ge s; 3 – occurs in past tense: e n l a r ge d; 4 – occurs as present part i c i p l e : e n l a r g i n g;
5 – occurs as past participle: enlarged; 6 – can be made into a command: Enlarge
this photo! 7 – can be made negative: He didn’t enlarge the picture; 8 – fits in frame
sentence: You might enlarge that.
4. shall (1) Applicable: 7 – can be made negative: I shall not.
VERB Not applica b l e : 1 – Has no ve rb making morph e m e ; 2 – does not take a pre s e n t -
tense morph e m e : *it shalls; 3 – does not take a past-tense morph e m e ; 4 – does not
occur as present participle; 5 – does not occur as past participle; 6 – cannot be
made into command; 8 – does not fit in frame sentence: *He must shall.
5. be (7) Applicable: 2 – Occurs in present tense: am, is, are; 3 – occurs in past tense:
VERB was, were; 4 – occurs as present participle: being; 5 – occurs as past participle:
been; 6 – Can be made into a command: Be good!; 7 – can be made negative:
am not, isn’t, aren’t, etc.; 8 – fits in frame sentence: They must be good.
Not applicable: 1 – Has no verb making morpheme.
EX–12 EX ERCISE ANSWER KEY
Exercise 4.6
1. creation Noun only.
Is formed by noun-making morpheme {-tion}; fits inthe noun frame sentence.
Cannot be a verb: *They must creation it.
2. pacify Verb only.
Is formed by verb-making morpheme {-ify}; occurs with verb inflectional
morphemes: pacifies, pacified, pacifying; fits frame sentence. Cannot be a noun:
*The pacify seems all right.
3. walk Both verb and noun.
Occurs with verb inflectional morphemes: walks, walked, walking; fits in verb
frame sentence. Also occurs with noun inflections: three walks; fits in the noun
frame sentence: The walk seems uneven.
4. deficient Neither a verb or a noun.
It does not occur with noun inflections or fit the noun frame sentence, nor does
it take verb inflections or fit the verb frame sentence.
5. hurl Verb only.
Occurs with verb inflectional morphemes: hurls, hurled, hurling; fits the verb
frame sentence. Cannot be a noun: *The hurl seems all right.
Exercise
This is a good exercise for small group work followed by class discussion.
geeshments Noun: It has a noun-making derivational suffix {-ment} and a noun inflectional suffix
(formal clues). It also follows a determiner and number, the nine, and by its position
seems to be the subject of the verb croodged (functional clues).
croodged Verb: It has a verb-inflectional suffix {-ed} (formal clue); its position suggests that
geeshments is its subject, and it seems to be followed by a direct object, their grallsters
(functional clues).
grallsters Noun: The {-er} ending looks like the noun-derivational agent suffix, and the {-s} looks
like the plural suffix (formal clues); their functions as a determiner preceding it
(functional clue).
murgroids Noun: It has the noun plural suffix {-s} (formal clue); it follows the determiner several
(functional clue).
glonkfully Adverb: It has an adverb-forming suffix {-ly} (formal clue); it occurs just before
splanked, an apparent verb (functional clue).
splanked Verb: It has a verb-inflectional suffix {-ed} (formal clue); it appears to have a noun,
murgroids, as its subject, and it is preceded and followed by verb modifiers (functional
clues).
skinnykins Noun: It has a noun-making derivational suffix {-kin} and ends in what can be a noun
plural suffix {-s} (formal clues); it follows a preposition and determiner (under their)
(functional clues).
Exercise 4.2
1. comic (4) Applicable: 2 – Occurs with plural morpheme: comics; 3 – occurs with possessive
NOUN morpheme: the comic’s performance; 4 – follows an article: the comic; 5 – fits the
frame sentence: The comic seems sad.
Not applicable: 1 – Has no noun-making derivational suffix.
2. shelf (4) Applicable: 2 – Becomes plura l : s h el ve s; 3 – becomes possessive : the shel f ’s position;
NOUN 4 – dire c t ly foll ows art i cl e : the shel f; 5 – fits in frame sentence: The shel f seems all ri g h t .
Not applicable: 1 – Has no noun-making derivational morpheme.
3. scanner (5) A p p l i ca b l e : 1 – Has noun-making morpheme {-er}; 2 – occurs with plura l : s ca n n er s ;
NOUN 3 – occurs with possessive: the scanner’s function; 4 – can directly follow article:
my scanner; 5 – fits in the frame sentence: The scanner seems all right.
EX–10 EX ERCISE ANSWER KEY
4. refusing (1) Applicable: 5 – Fits frame sentence: Refusing seems all right.
NOT A NOUN Not applica b l e : 1—Has no noun-making deri v a t i onal morph e m e : {-ing} is a ve rb
inflection; 2 – does not occur with plural inflection: *three refusings; 3 – does not
occur with possessive : the difficulties of ref u s i n g, but pro b a b ly not * ref u s i n g ’s difficulties
5. diligence (2) Applicable: 1 – Has a noun making morpheme {-ence} (intelligence, competence);
NOUN 5 – fits in frame sentence: Diligence seems necessary.
Not Applicable: 2 – Does not occur with plural morpheme: *three diligences;
3 – does not occur with possessive morpheme: the necessity for diligence, but
probably not *diligence’s necessity; 4 – does not occur without modifiers directly
following an article: *A diligence is good.
6. stroll (4) Applicable: 2 – Occurs with plural morpheme: our strolls; 3 – occurs with
NOUN possessive morpheme: the stroll’s length; 4 – directly follows an article: a stroll;
5 – fits in frame sentence: The stroll seems long.
Not applicable: 1 – Has no noun-making morpheme.
7. seasoning (4) Applicable: 2 – Occurs with plural: seasonings; 3 – occurs with possessive: the
NOUN seasoning’s strength; 4 – directly follows an article: the seasoning; 5 – fits in frame
sentence: The seasoning seems strong.
Not applicable: 1 – Has no noun-making derivational morpheme; {-ing} is
a verb inflection.
Exercise 4.3
This is a good exercise for small group work, followed by class discussion.
1. comic B (It contains an adjective-making morpheme {-ic}.)
2. shelf A (It meets all the criteria of prototypical nouns.)
3. scanner C (It is derived from the verb scan by the addition of the suffix {-er}.)
4. refusing G (This gerund has not become a true noun, as demonstrated by its not accepting
noun inflections.)
5. diligence B (It contains the noun-making morpheme {-ence}.)
6. stroll E (It functions as both a noun and a verb.)
7. seasoning C (Although it has the ve rb present participle suffix {-ing} and still functions as a
p resent participle in Some people are seasoning their food less nowad a y s, it has also becom e
a noun with meaning related to but independent from that of the ve rb, as in T h ere are
no seasonings in the kitch e n.That it is a true noun and not just a gerund is also shown by
the fact that it accepts both noun inflections and fits into the frame sentence.)
EX ERCISE ANSWER KEY EX–11
Exercise 4.4
1. chair count, common, inanimate, nonhuman (predictable from inanimate)
2. sunshine noncount, common, inanimate (predictable from noncount), nonhuman,
(predictable from inanimate)
3. Communism n on c o u n t , p ro p e r, i n a n i m a t e, ( p redictable from non c o u n t ) , n onhuman (pre d i c t a b l e
from inanimate)
4. computer count, common, inanimate, nonhuman (predictable from inanimate)
5. waiter count, common, animate, human, male
6. dislike noncount, common, inanimate, nonhuman (predictable from inanimate)
7. Garfield count, proper, animate, nonhuman, male
8. E.T. count, proper, animate, nonhuman, male?
Exercise 4.5
1. strike (7) Applicable: 2 – Occurs in present tense: strikes; 3 – occurs in past tense: struck;
VERB 4 – occurs as present participle: striking; 5 – occurs as past participle: stricken;
6 – can be made into command: Strike!; 7 – can be made negative: They didn’t
strike; 8 – fits in frame sentence: They must strike.
Not applicable: 1 – Has no verb-making morpheme.
2. ratify (8) Applicable: 1 – Has verb-making morpheme: {-ify}; 2 – occurs in present tense:
VERB ratifies; 3 – occurs in past tense: ratified; 4 – occurs as present participle: ratifying;
5 – occurs as past participle: ratified; 6 – can be made into command: Ratify this
agreement!; 7 – can be made negative: They didn’t ratify it; 8 – fits in frame
sentence: They must ratify the agreement.
3. enlarge (8) A p p l i ca b l e : 1 – Has verb-making morpheme: {en-}; 2 – Occurs in present tense:
VERB e n l a r ge s; 3 – occurs in past tense: e n l a r ge d; 4 – occurs as present part i c i p l e : e n l a r g i n g;
5 – occurs as past participle: enlarged; 6 – can be made into a command: Enlarge
this photo! 7 – can be made negative: He didn’t enlarge the picture; 8 – fits in frame
sentence: You might enlarge that.
4. shall (1) Applicable: 7 – can be made negative: I shall not.
VERB Not applica b l e : 1 – Has no ve rb making morph e m e ; 2 – does not take a pre s e n t -
tense morph e m e : *it shalls; 3 – does not take a past-tense morph e m e ; 4 – does not
occur as present participle; 5 – does not occur as past participle; 6 – cannot be
made into command; 8 – does not fit in frame sentence: *He must shall.
5. be (7) Applicable: 2 – Occurs in present tense: am, is, are; 3 – occurs in past tense:
VERB was, were; 4 – occurs as present participle: being; 5 – occurs as past participle:
been; 6 – Can be made into a command: Be good!; 7 – can be made negative:
am not, isn’t, aren’t, etc.; 8 – fits in frame sentence: They must be good.
Not applicable: 1 – Has no verb making morpheme.
EX–12 EX ERCISE ANSWER KEY
Exercise 4.6
1. creation Noun only.
Is formed by noun-making morpheme {-tion}; fits inthe noun frame sentence.
Cannot be a verb: *They must creation it.
2. pacify Verb only.
Is formed by verb-making morpheme {-ify}; occurs with verb inflectional
morphemes: pacifies, pacified, pacifying; fits frame sentence. Cannot be a noun:
*The pacify seems all right.
3. walk Both verb and noun.
Occurs with verb inflectional morphemes: walks, walked, walking; fits in verb
frame sentence. Also occurs with noun inflections: three walks; fits in the noun
frame sentence: The walk seems uneven.
4. deficient Neither a verb or a noun.
It does not occur with noun inflections or fit the noun frame sentence, nor does
it take verb inflections or fit the verb frame sentence.
5. hurl Verb only.
Occurs with verb inflectional morphemes: hurls, hurled, hurling; fits the verb
frame sentence. Cannot be a noun: *The hurl seems all right.
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