Infinitive Past
Irregular verbs
Infinitive Past Past Participle Infinitive Past Past Participle
be was/were been
bear bore born(e)
beat beat beaten
become became become
begin began begun
bend bent bent
bind bound bound
bite bit bitten
blow blew blown
break broke broken
bring brought brought
build built built
burn burnt/burned burnt/burned
buy bought bought
burst burst burst
catch caught caught
choose chose chosen
come came come
cost cost cost
creep crept crept
cut cut cut
deal dealt dealt
dig dug dug
do did done
draw drew drawn
dream dreamt/dreamed dreamt/dreamed
drink drank drunk
drive drove driven
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
feed fed fed
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
find found found
fly flew flown
forget forgot forgotten
forgive forgave forgiven
freeze froze frozen
get got got
give gave given
go went gone
grow grew grown
hang hung hung
have had had
hear heard heard
hide hid hidden
hit hit hit
hold held held
hurt hurt hurt
keep kept kept
kneel knelt knelt
knit knit/knitted knit/knitted
know knew known
lay laid laid
lead led led
lean leant/leaned leant/leaned
learn learnt/learned learnt/learned
leave left left
lend lent lent
let let let
lie lay lain
light lit lit
lose lost lost
make made made
mean meant meant
meet met met
pay paid paid
put put put
read read read
ride rode ridden
ring rang rung
rise rose risen
run ran run
say said said
see saw seen
seek sought sought
sell sold sold
send sent sent
set set set
sew sewed sewn/sewed
shake shook shaken
shine shone shone
shoot shot shot
show showed shown
shut shut shut
sink sank sunk
sit sat sat
sleep slept slept
smell smelt/smelled smelt/smelled
speak spoke spoken
speed sped sped
spell spelt/spelled spelt/spelled
spend spent spent
spill spilt/spilled spilt/spilled
split split split
spoil spoilt/spoiled spoilt/spoiled
spread spread spread
stand stood stood
steal stole stolen
stick stuck stuck
sting stung stung
strike struck struck
sweep swept swept
swear swore sworn
swim swam swum
take took taken
teach taught taught
tear tore torn
tell told told
think thought thought
throw threw thrown
understand understood understood
wake woke woken
wear wore worn
weave wove woven
weep wept wept
win won won
withdraw withdrew withdrawn
write wrote written
142
A FORMAL LETTER Appendix I
92 Park Lane
Epsom
Surrey KT18 2LR
18 June 20....
The Personnel Manager
Waterstones Bookstore
103 Brunswick St
Canterbury
Kent KT20 68R
Dear Sir or Madam, / Dear Mr Jones,
Yours faithfully, / Yours sincerely,
John Thomas (Mr)
In the FCE and ECCE Examinations students are told not to write any addresses.
NOTE
In a formal letter, when you don’t know the name of the person you are writing to, begin with Dear Sir/Madam and
end with Yours faithfully. When you know the name of the person you are writing to, begin with Dear Mr/Miss/Mrs/
Ms/Dr + surname and end with Yours sincerely. In American English, Yours truly and Yours sincerely are commonly
used in both cases.
A formal letter is a letter written to someone you don’t know personally and it is usually
of a business nature. Note the layout below:
Position of the
person you
are writing to
and/or name of
company (start
one line below
the date).
Address of
the person or
company you
are writing to.
Greeting: on the
left-hand side of
the page (leave a
blank line before
and after the
greeting).
Signing off: on
the left-hand
side of the page,
followed by a
comma.
Your signature
and your
full name
clearly written
underneath.
Your address:
on the right-hand
side of the page
(without your
name).
Date: below the
address, leaving
a blank line in
between.
Paragraphing:
You can indent
(see informal
letter 4a) or
write in blocked
paragraphs
leaving a blank
line in between
the paragraphs.
Note that when
using blocked
paragraphs,
everything begins
on the left-hand
side of the page,
except your
address and the
date.
Set phrases for
opening paragraph
I am writing with regard to / in connection with your advertisement in (where).
I am writing to apply for the position of (job) as advertised in (where) on (date).
I am interested in applying for the job of...
Expressions for
main part
I have studied / been working for...
I am presently working for...
I am familiar with / experienced in / fluent in...
At present I am...
As you can see from my curriculum vitae, ...
I believe I am suitable for the position of...
I consider myself well-qualified for the position of...
Set phrases for
closing paragraph
I look forward to hearing from you / a favourable reply.
I hope my application will be taken into consideration.
If you feel that my qualifications meet your requirements, note that I am available for an interview at your
convenience.
I enclose / have attached a copy of my curriculum vitae outlining my qualifications and experience.
Expressions/phrases commonly used in a letter of application
143
List points firstly, to begin/start with, in the first place, finally, last but not least
Add more points
in addition to this, furthermore, moreover, what is more, also, apart from this, besides,
another point worth mentioning is
Give an example for example, such as, particularly, especially, take for instance
Emphasise in fact, as a matter of fact
Express contrast although, in spite of, despite, however, but
Express cause/reason because (of), as, since, due to, owing to
Express result/consequence therefore, in this case, for this reason, consequently, as a result
Sum up in conclusion, to sum up, all in all, on the whole, taking everything into account
Give your opinion
in my opinion/view, personally, I believe, the way I see it, from my point of view,
I am in favour of, my belief is that
1b AN ESSAY I
You can use the following linking words/phrases to:
Irregular verbs
Infinitive Past Past Participle Infinitive Past Past Participle
be was/were been
bear bore born(e)
beat beat beaten
become became become
begin began begun
bend bent bent
bind bound bound
bite bit bitten
blow blew blown
break broke broken
bring brought brought
build built built
burn burnt/burned burnt/burned
buy bought bought
burst burst burst
catch caught caught
choose chose chosen
come came come
cost cost cost
creep crept crept
cut cut cut
deal dealt dealt
dig dug dug
do did done
draw drew drawn
dream dreamt/dreamed dreamt/dreamed
drink drank drunk
drive drove driven
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
feed fed fed
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
find found found
fly flew flown
forget forgot forgotten
forgive forgave forgiven
freeze froze frozen
get got got
give gave given
go went gone
grow grew grown
hang hung hung
have had had
hear heard heard
hide hid hidden
hit hit hit
hold held held
hurt hurt hurt
keep kept kept
kneel knelt knelt
knit knit/knitted knit/knitted
know knew known
lay laid laid
lead led led
lean leant/leaned leant/leaned
learn learnt/learned learnt/learned
leave left left
lend lent lent
let let let
lie lay lain
light lit lit
lose lost lost
make made made
mean meant meant
meet met met
pay paid paid
put put put
read read read
ride rode ridden
ring rang rung
rise rose risen
run ran run
say said said
see saw seen
seek sought sought
sell sold sold
send sent sent
set set set
sew sewed sewn/sewed
shake shook shaken
shine shone shone
shoot shot shot
show showed shown
shut shut shut
sink sank sunk
sit sat sat
sleep slept slept
smell smelt/smelled smelt/smelled
speak spoke spoken
speed sped sped
spell spelt/spelled spelt/spelled
spend spent spent
spill spilt/spilled spilt/spilled
split split split
spoil spoilt/spoiled spoilt/spoiled
spread spread spread
stand stood stood
steal stole stolen
stick stuck stuck
sting stung stung
strike struck struck
sweep swept swept
swear swore sworn
swim swam swum
take took taken
teach taught taught
tear tore torn
tell told told
think thought thought
throw threw thrown
understand understood understood
wake woke woken
wear wore worn
weave wove woven
weep wept wept
win won won
withdraw withdrew withdrawn
write wrote written
142
A FORMAL LETTER Appendix I
92 Park Lane
Epsom
Surrey KT18 2LR
18 June 20....
The Personnel Manager
Waterstones Bookstore
103 Brunswick St
Canterbury
Kent KT20 68R
Dear Sir or Madam, / Dear Mr Jones,
Yours faithfully, / Yours sincerely,
John Thomas (Mr)
In the FCE and ECCE Examinations students are told not to write any addresses.
NOTE
In a formal letter, when you don’t know the name of the person you are writing to, begin with Dear Sir/Madam and
end with Yours faithfully. When you know the name of the person you are writing to, begin with Dear Mr/Miss/Mrs/
Ms/Dr + surname and end with Yours sincerely. In American English, Yours truly and Yours sincerely are commonly
used in both cases.
A formal letter is a letter written to someone you don’t know personally and it is usually
of a business nature. Note the layout below:
Position of the
person you
are writing to
and/or name of
company (start
one line below
the date).
Address of
the person or
company you
are writing to.
Greeting: on the
left-hand side of
the page (leave a
blank line before
and after the
greeting).
Signing off: on
the left-hand
side of the page,
followed by a
comma.
Your signature
and your
full name
clearly written
underneath.
Your address:
on the right-hand
side of the page
(without your
name).
Date: below the
address, leaving
a blank line in
between.
Paragraphing:
You can indent
(see informal
letter 4a) or
write in blocked
paragraphs
leaving a blank
line in between
the paragraphs.
Note that when
using blocked
paragraphs,
everything begins
on the left-hand
side of the page,
except your
address and the
date.
Set phrases for
opening paragraph
I am writing with regard to / in connection with your advertisement in (where).
I am writing to apply for the position of (job) as advertised in (where) on (date).
I am interested in applying for the job of...
Expressions for
main part
I have studied / been working for...
I am presently working for...
I am familiar with / experienced in / fluent in...
At present I am...
As you can see from my curriculum vitae, ...
I believe I am suitable for the position of...
I consider myself well-qualified for the position of...
Set phrases for
closing paragraph
I look forward to hearing from you / a favourable reply.
I hope my application will be taken into consideration.
If you feel that my qualifications meet your requirements, note that I am available for an interview at your
convenience.
I enclose / have attached a copy of my curriculum vitae outlining my qualifications and experience.
Expressions/phrases commonly used in a letter of application
143
List points firstly, to begin/start with, in the first place, finally, last but not least
Add more points
in addition to this, furthermore, moreover, what is more, also, apart from this, besides,
another point worth mentioning is
Give an example for example, such as, particularly, especially, take for instance
Emphasise in fact, as a matter of fact
Express contrast although, in spite of, despite, however, but
Express cause/reason because (of), as, since, due to, owing to
Express result/consequence therefore, in this case, for this reason, consequently, as a result
Sum up in conclusion, to sum up, all in all, on the whole, taking everything into account
Give your opinion
in my opinion/view, personally, I believe, the way I see it, from my point of view,
I am in favour of, my belief is that
1b AN ESSAY I
You can use the following linking words/phrases to:
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